UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 

Hilda  Gray 


TEACHERS'  COURSE 

IN 

LATIN  COMPOSITION 


BY 

H.  C.  NUTTING 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


ALLYN  AND  BACON 

BOSTON  NEW   YORK  CHICAGO 

ATLANTA  SAN    I-'RANCISCO 


COPYRIGHT,  1922 
BY  H.  C.  NUTTING 


?A 
2,0*7 


PREFATORY  NOTE 

It  has  been  the  writer's  privilege  to  teach  all 

grades  of  Latin  composition  in  college  for  a  period 

of  about  twenty  years.     His  first  experience  was 

&     with  a  freshman  class  so  huge  that  it  required  divi- 

r-     sion  into  four  sections  of  about  thirty  students  each. 

^     Happily  for  the  raw  instructor,  the  reader  appointed 

_ j     to  assist  him  proved  to  be  a  man  of  untiring  indus- 

->     try,  who  willingly  compiled  and  presented  weekly 

a  list  of  "the  mistakes  most  commonly  made." 

These  lists  were  filed  away  at  the  time  without 

full  appreciation  of  their  real  value.     It  was  only 

X.    when   subsequent   classes   developed    very   similar 

i,      lists  of  common  mistakes  that  it  was  borne  in  upon 

s^)     the   writer   that   he  was  dealing  with  liability  to 

error  that  could  be  very  accurately  defined. 

^          This  liability  to  error  rests  on  various  grounds,  e.g. 

•w.      the  simple  fact  that  certain  combinations  are  rarely 

met  with  in  the  ordinary  round.     Thus  most  stu- 

o      dents  are  perfectly  familiar  with  the  general  prin- 

t     ciple  that  the  nominative  and  the  accusative  of  a 

neuter  are  identical  in  form;  but  it  is  a  foregone 

conclusion  that  somebody  will  make  a  mistake  in 


272805 


iv  Prefatory  Note 


the  form  of  the  participle,  if  the  class  is  assigned  a 
phrase  requiring  the  rendering  ad  oppidum  flagrans. 

Or  again,  false  analogy  may  be  at  the  root  of  the 
trouble.  Every  year  a  number  of  students  will  fail 
in  the  spelling  of  the  form  cives,  apparently  for  the 
moment  conceiving  the  stem  of  the  word  as  civit  — 
(or  is  there  contamination  from  Quirites?).  A 
similar  situation  develops  with  the  accusative  sin- 
gular feminine  of  salmis,  which  repeatedly  is  written 
salutem.  More  curious  still  is  the  substitution  of 
forms  of  nonus  (or  novem)  for  novus. 

But,  whatever  the  cause,  these  mistakes  recur  in 
regular  waves,  and  it  is  possible  to  bring  them  within 
the  limits  of  a  concrete  scheme,  where  they  may  be 
considered  at  leisure  with  a  view  to  adopting  meas- 
ures for  their  correction. 

Inasmuch  as  it  is  a  more  valuable  service  to  pre- 
vent the  formation  of  a  bad  habit  than  to  correct  it 
when  formed,  it  would  seem  in  the  present  connec- 
tion to  be  of  the  first  importance  to  bring  this  mate- 
rial to  the  attention  of  the  prospective  teachers  of 
Latin  composition.  If  they  are  forewarned  as  to 
the  points  where  their  pupils  are  likely  to  go  astray, 
a  good  deal  of  incipient  trouble  may  be  nipped  in 
the  bud. 

The  first  place  in  the  volume  is  given  to  a  Gram- 
matical Conspectus,  in  which  the  material  gleaned 


Prefatory  Note 


from  experience  with  successive  classes  is  arranged 
in  orderly  sequence.  In  this  table  the  reader  may 
miss  the  fully  rounded  symmetry  of  an  ideal  a  priori 
grammatical  outline;  but  to  the  writer  it  has  seemed 
best  to  admit  only  those  words  and  uses  which  have 
been  found  to  occasion  trouble  in  actual  class-room 
practice. 

Under  the  caption,  "Suggestions  for  Use  of  Mate- 
rial" directions  are  given  in  detail  for  the  conduct  of 
such  a  course  for  prospective  teachers  as  will  force  a 
practical  working  acquaintance  with  the  matters 
included  in  the  Grammatical  Conspectus. 

To  provide  opportunity  for  necessary  practice  in 
writing,  three  short  sets  of  English-Latin  Exercises 
are  appended.  In  these  the  vocabulary  employed 
is  designedly  confined  to  words  in  common  use,  any- 
thing unusual  being  given  in  a  footnote.  For  com- 
pleteness a  general  vocabulary  is  added  at  the  end 
of  the  volume.  This  should  be  consulted  only  in 
case  of  real  need. 

H.  C.  N. 

January,  1922 


PAGE 

GRAMMATICAL  CONSPECTUS       .         1 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  USE  OF  MATERIAL     ....  9 
ENGLISH-LATIN  EXERCISES 

PART  I 26 

PART  H        43 

PART  III 59 

VOCABULARY    .         77 


TEACHERS'   COURSE   IN 
LATIN    COMPOSITION 


GRAMMATICAL  CONSPECTUS 


A.  FORMS 


I.  VERBS 


(a)  Verbs  confused 

audeo:  audio 

consisto:  constituo 

fugio:  fugo 

iaceo:  iacio 

mcrior:  moror 

nanciscor :      nascor    (perf. 

part.) 

ordior:  orior  (perf.  part.) 
resistor  restituo 
vincio :  vinco  (perf.  and  perf. 

part.) 

(b)  Mistakes  in  spelling 
1 .  General 

adiuvo     (perf.     and     perf. 

part.) 

adorior  (perf.  part.) 
caedo  and  compounds  (perf. 

and  perf.  part.) 


cognosce  (perf.  part.) 

cogo  (perf.  part.) 

complector  (perf.  part.) 

creo  (treated  as  of  2d 
conj.) 

cupio  (pres.  infin.,  imperf. 
subj.) 

fero  (gerundive) 

fio  (3d  persons,  espc.  imperf. 
siibj.) 

mitto  (perf.  and  perf.  part.) 

morior  (perf.  audfut.  parti- 
ciples) 

moveo  (perf.  part.) 

nolo  (pres.  infin.,  imperf. 
subj.)  . 

progredior  (perf.  part.) 

utor  (perf.  part.) 

venio  (perf.  and  fut.  parti- 
ciples) 

verto  (perf.  and  perf.  part.) 


1 


Latin  Composition 


2.  Perfects 

audeo 

cedo  and  compounds 

comprehendo 

decerno 

dico  (perhaps  confused  w. 
dlco) 

do 

duco 

exstinguo 

fugio 

fundo 

incendo 

iubeo 

lego  and  compounds  1 

maneo 

ostendo 

pello  and  compounds 

pono 

relinquo 

reperio 

respondeo 

rumpo  and  compounds 

sentio 

sisto   (compounds) 

soleo  (and  perhaps  confu- 
sion with  solv.o  2) 

sterno 

sto  and  compounds 

vivo 


3.  Infinitives 
Pres.  pass.  3d  conj. 
Put.  pass,  all  conjugations 

(c)  Mistakes  in  use 

1.  Transitive  and  intransi- 
tive confused 

auge'o  vs.  cresco 
deduco    vs.    e.g.    discedo 

('  withdraw ') 
incendo  vs.  ardeo  or  fla- 

gro 
reddo    vs.    redeo    (espec. 

M) 

relinquo  vs.  discedo 
('  leave ') 

spargo  vs.  discedo  ('  scat- 
ter') 

Cf .  circumdo  vs.  circumeo 


2.  Passive    substitutes    ig- 
nored 

doceo :  disco  (?) 
f  acio :  fio 
perdo :  pereo 
sino:  licet 
vendo :  veneo 


1  Especially  diligo  (vs.  deligo),  intellego,  neglego. 
»  Sometimes  active  form  manufactured;  sometimes  solutus  sum 
written. 


Grammatical  Conspectus 


3.  Perfect    passive    parti- 

ciple as  active 

4.  Deponent  perfect  parti- 

ciple as  passive 

5.  General 

coepi :   (a)  neglected  in  fa- 
vor of  incepi 

(6)  act.  where  pass, 
required  1 

coniungere :    for    se  con- 
iungere 

dico    with    negative:    for 
nego 


memoro,  commemoro :  for 

meniini 
patior    with    construction 

of  potior 
proficiscor  with  infin.:  for 

contendo  ('set  out') 
revertor:    as  deponent  in 

perf. 
revoco :    for    memini    or 

recorder 
servo  with  construction  of 

servio 
utor:    as  pass,    (for   usui 

sum2  or  usurper) 
vertere :  for  se  vertere 


II.  NOUNS 


(a)  Nouns  confused 

aetas :  aestas 

concilium :  consilium 

consul :  consulatus 

eques :  equitatus 

iter  (iterum) 

iuvenis :  iuventus 

liberi :  libri 

odium :  otium 

pecus  (-oris)  and  (-udis) 

vires :  viri 


(b)  Mistakes  in  spelling 

1.     Accusative    singular 

neuter 
caput 
corpus 
flumen 
foedus 
iter 
TUB 

tempus 
vulgus 


1  I.e.  when  the  dependent  infinitive  is  passive  (not  deponent),  e.g. 
Clamor  exaudiri  coeptus  est. 

2  ff .  odi  and  odio  sum. 


Latin  Composition 


2.  Accusative  singular 
proper  names  in  -er, 

e.g.  Alexander 

3.  Other  forms 
arma  (as  fern,  sing.) 
castra  (as  fern.  sing,  and 

plu.) 
c  i  v  i  s    (lengthened    form 

nom.  and  ace.  plu.) 
lapis  (gen.  plu.) 
locus  (plu.) 
miles  (gen.  plu.) 
munus  (plu.  as  masc.) 


pater  (ace.  sing.) 
senex  (oblique  cases) 
telum  (plu.  as  masc.) 

(c)  Mistakes  in  use 
aedes :  sing.  vs.  plu. 
copia:  sing.  vs.  plu. 
littera :  sing.  vs.  plu. 
nemo :  defective  parts  for 

nullus 

ops:  sing.  vs.  plu. 
populus :    (even   plu.)    for 

homines  (or  omit) 
vis :  sing.  vs.  plu. 


III.  PRONOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES 


(a)  Pronouns   and   adjec- 
tives confused 
novus :  vs.  nonus  and  no- 

vem 
salvus:    (salutem   written 

as  ace.  fern,  sing.) 
tot,  tantus :    totus,  tutus 

(b)  Mistakes  in  spelling 

1.  Third    decl.    adjs.    abl. 

sing. 

2.  Third    decl.    adjs.    and 
pres.  part.  neut.  sing.  ace. 


3.  Comparison 
bonus 

celeber  (superl.) 
celeriter  (superl.) 
inferior 
locuples  1 
magnus 
malus 
parvus 

pulcher   (compar.) 
salubris  (superl.2) 
similis,  etc.,  and  vs.  other 
adjs.  in  -lis 


1  Irregular  superl.  manufactured  by  student. 
1  Properly  made  on  the  collateral  form  saluber. 


Grammatical  Conspectus 


4.  Neut.   sing.   now.   and  (c)  Mistakes  in  use 

acc'  1.  Feminine  adjectives  with 

alius  masculine  nouns  in  -a 

ille 

.  ,  2.  Masculine        adjectives 

with  manus,  domus,  etc. 

5.  General 

is:  dat.  sing.  3.  Reflexive  for  demonstra- 

propior:  with  added  r  tive>  and  vice  versal 

quendam,  etc.,  spelled  4.  General 

with  m  for  n  alii :  vs.  ceteri  and  reliqui 

totus,  unus :  gen.  and  dat.  certus :  vs.  quidam 

sing.  omnis:  vs.  totus 

IV.   OTHER  FORMS 
duo :  declension  of  word         mille  :  milia  2 

B.  SYNTAX 
I.  VERBS 

1.  Tenses       in       main     feet  subjunctive  in  primary 
clauses,   especially   perfect     sequence  3 

and  imperfect  (b)  In  purpose   and  re- 

2.  Sequence  of  tenses         suit  clauses  4 

(a)  Proper  use  of  per-          (c)  Sequence    of  perfect 

1  The  following  is  a  convenient  working  rule:  A  reflexive  normally 
refers  to  the  subject  of  its  own  clause.  But  in  certain  subordinate 
clauses  it  is  required  in  references  to  the  subject  of  the  governing 
clause.  These  are: 

1.  Indirect  discourse  3.  Purpose  clause 

2.  Indirect  question  4.  Complementary  infin. 

5.  Claune  with  verb  of  fearin? 

1  The  former  is  usually  an  adjective,  the  latter  a  noun  (with 
grnitive). 

*  E.g.  in  sentence:  "I  know  what  they  did." 

4  Seldom  anything  but  pros,  and  imperf.  subj.  to  be  used. 


Latin  Composition 


infinitive  in  indirect  dis- 
course when  governing 
verb  is  primary  l 

(d)  Sequence  of  perfect 
subjunctive      representing 
perfect  indicative  2 

(e)  Proper  use   of  sec- 
ondary tenses  of  subjunc- 
tive  in   conditions   future 
from     a     point     in     the 
past 3 

(/)  Sequence  of  imper- 
fect subjunctive  used  in 
present  contrary  to  fact 
conditions  and  wishes 

3.  Questions 

(a)  Indirect  question  vs. 
relative  clause 

(6)  Double  question  vs. 
single  question  with  alter- 
native * 

4.  Complementary  *  in- 


finitive  and    infinitive   in 
noun  uses8 

(a)  Use  of  subject  ac- 
cusative 

(b)  Confused   with   use 
of  future  infinitive  (the  lat- 
ter only  in  indirect   dis- 
course) 7 

(c)  Regular  use  of  pres- 
ent tense  with  past  tenses 
of  debeo,  licet,  oportet  and 
possum  8 

5.  Purpose  clauses   (vs. 
infinitive) 

6.  Gerundive  vs.  gerund 
(especially    with    ad    and 
causa) 

7.  With  verbs  of  fearing 
(ut  vs.  ne  non  9) 

8.  Contrary  to  fact  con- 
ditions   in    indirect     dis- 
course 


1  E.g.  in  sentence:  "I  know  that  they  were  recalled  when  leaving 
the  town." 

1  E.g.  in  sentence:  "I  know  where  they  went  to  meet  him." 

•E.g.  in  sentence:  "I  knew  that  they  would  come,  if  they 
could." 

« I.e.  "Is  it  A  or  (is  it)  B?"  vs.  "Is  it  (either)  A  or  B?" 

•  For  composition  purposes,  it  has  been  found  convenient  to  in- 
clude under  'complementary'  the  infin.  with  such  verbs  as  iubeo. 

6  Not  indirect  discourse. 

7  E.g.  in  sentence:  "I  wished  that  they  would  go." 

•  E.g.  in  sentence:  "I  might  have  gone." 

•  The  latter  when  the  verb  of  fearing  itself  is  negative. 


Grammatical  Conspectus 


(a)  Form  of  apodosis l        fin.;   and   with   quin   and 


(6)  Use  of  periphrasis  2 
9.  Other  constructions 

(a)  dum  with  pres.  in- 
die, in  past  narration 

(b)  non  dubito  with  in- 


subjunct. 

(c)  postquam  vs.  cum 
in  expressions  of  antece- 
dence 3 


II.  NOUNS 


1.  Quality  expressions 
(a)  Need  of  modifier  4 
(6)  When     modifier     is 

par  or  any  adj.  in  -is  * 

2.  Ablative       absolute: 
limitation  of  use  • 

3.  Predicate  nominative 
with  fio  and  the  passive  of 
verbs  like  appello 

4.  Case  with  impersonal 
passives  (including  gerun- 
dive) 

in  video 

noceo 

pareo 

persuadeo 

resisto 

utor 


5.  Case  use  with  various 
verbs 

(a)  iuvo,  laedo 

(b)  adorior,  adiuvo,  con- 
servo,  invenio,  oppugno 

(c)  interest      (impers.); 
vs.  dot. 

(d)  doceo ;  vs.  peto  and 
quaero 

6.  amplius,  plus,  minus, 
longius :    parenthetical    in 
numerical  expressions 

7.  Appositive    attracted 
into  relative  clause  7 

8.  causa     and     gratia : 
position  with  gerund  and 
gerundive 


1  The  form  -urus  fuisse  practically  the  only  one  in  use. 

1  I.e.  when  the  verb  is  passive  or  lacks  supine  stem ;  and  optional 
elsewhere. 

'  I.e.  emphasized  with  cum,  even  where  the  English  does  not  in- 
dicate it:  but  the  reverse  with  postquam,  ubi,  ut,  etc. 

4  True  of  both  gen.  and  aW.        5  Ablative  then  regularly  chosen. 

6  I.e.  subject  must  not  be  referred  to  in  main  clause. 

'  E.g.  in  sentence:  "  They  came  to  Rome,  a  city  which  is  situated 
on  the  Tiber"  (quae  urbs,  etc). 


8  Latin  Composition 

III.  PRONOUNS 

1.  Possessive  with  predicate  noun  * 
(a)  frequency  l                     3.  Forms    with    postposi- 
(6)  order 2  tive  cum  * 

2.  Relative:       agreement 

IV.  ADVERBS,  ETC. 

1.  Postpositives  olim:  semel 

2.  Expressions  confused  simul :  statim  ('  at  once ') 7 
cotidie :  in  dies  ('  daily ') 6  umquam :  semper  ('  ever ') 8 
diu :  longe  ('  long ')  6  3.  Use   of  ne  .  .  .  quidem 
numquam :  nusquam 


1  Much  less  frequent  than  the  corresponding  words  in  English. 

''  Precede  noun  to  translate  '  his  own,'  '  her  own,'  etc. 

3  E.g.  locus,  quod  Brundisium  appellatur. 

« I.e.  the  abl.  of  qui  and  the  personal  and  reflex,  pronouns. 

5  The  latter  indicating  progression. 

6  Time  and  space. 

7  E.g.  in  sentence:  "  He  was  at  once  (simul)  bravest  and  best." 

8  E.g.  "  He  was  ever  (semper)  the  bravest." 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR   USE   OF 
MATERIAL 

I.   PRELIMINARY   STUDY 

While  it  is  quite  possible  for  a  class  to  use  this 
text  without  special  preparation,  in  most  cases  it 
will  be  found  very  helpful  to  make  first  a  rapid  sur- 
vey of  the  constructions  usually  treated  in  the  Latin 
high  school  course. 

No  time  need  be  spent,  of  course,  on  such  elemen- 
tary matters  as  subject  and  predicate,  direct  object, 
and  the  like,  where  English  and  Latin  grammar  are 
in  substantial  agreement.  Rather,  attention  should 
be  given  to  constructions  that  require  explanation, 
in  other  words,  constructions  that  present  a  teaching 
problem.  Such  are  the  double  accusative  with 
doceo,  the  dative  with  verbs  like  servio,  and  the  ap- 
parent reversal  of  conjunctions  in  clauses  dependent 
upon  verbs  of  fearing. 

Admitting  rather  freely  to  a*  place  in  the  list,  the 
sum  total  of  points  thus  calling  for  consideration 
would  not  far  exceed  ninety.  These  are  best  brought 
into  play  by  means  of  short  English  sentences  which 
the  class  is  to  render  into  Latin.1  In  making  these 

1  A  typical  list,  with  English  sentences  designed  to  test  the 
points  involved,  may  be  found  in  the  author's  Supplementary 
Latin  Composition. 

9 


10  Latin  Composition 

renderings,  the  members  of  the  class  should  aim  not 
merely  at  a  correct  version,  but  also  should  inwardly 
be  facing  the  question  :  "If  I  were  teaching  this  con- 
struction, how  could  I  best  present  it  to  my  pupils?  " 
If  it  happens  that  some  of  the  persons  enrolled  have 
already  had  actual  experience  in  teaching  Latin 
composition,  this  is  an  added  advantage.  For  the 
work  will  then  take  on  the  character  of  an  open  fo- 
rum, in  which  all  sides  of  a  subject  may  be  thor- 
oughly discussed. 

In  any  case,  a  half  dozen  periods  devoted  to  work 
of  this  sort  will  be  time  well  spent.  The  discussions 
work  out  somewhat  in  the  following  fashion  : 

(a)  Mood  with  quod  and  quia.  Under  this  head, 
the  time-honored  tradition  is :  "  The  indicative  is 
used  when  the  reason  is  on  the  authority  of  the 
speaker  or  writer."  This  rule  usually  serves  well 
enough  until  some  really  thoughtful  student  begins  to 
reason  about  it,  and  then  trouble  develops.  Suppose 
the  following  sentence  set  for  analysis :  ' '  Washington 
fell  back  from  Trentqn  because  supplies  were  low." 
The  good  student  argues  thus :  "  The  speaker  or 
writer  of  this  sentence  could  not  have  secured  the 
information  at  first  hand ;  therefore,  since  he  is  re- 
porting another,  the  reason  given  is  not  on  his  author- 
ity." Hence  he  chooses  the  subjunctive  mood. 

The  situation  is  saved  by  a  very  slight  change  of 
wording,  namely  :  "  The  indicative  is  used  when  the 


Suggestions  1 1 


speaker,  so  far  as  in  him  lies,  vouches  for  the  reason." 
Even  the  dullest  student  will  see  at  once  the  differ- 
ence between  "  Washington  fell  back  because  supplies 
were  low"  and  "Washington  fell  back  on  the  ground 
that  supplies  were  low,"  the  latter  calling  for  the 
subjunctive.1 

(6)  The  use  of  mea,  tua,  etc.  with  refert  and  in- 
terest. This  mysterious  combination  yields  easily 
to  treatment  when  it  is  pointed  out  that,  historically, 
the  ablative  construction  began  with  refert  and 
spread  to  interest;  further,  that  the  first  e  of  refert 
is  long,  showing  that  we  have  to  do  here,  not  with 
the  prefix  re-,  but  rather  (in  all  probability)  with  a 
case-form  of  the  noun  res.  While  this  explanation 
may  not  be  exhaustive,  still  it  goes  far  toward  vin- 
dicating the  reasonableness  of  the  use  of  the  ablative 
singular  feminine. 

(c)  The  case  use  with  verbs  like  servio  and  opitulor. 
In  view  of  the  English  renderings  commonly  used,  the 
dative  with  terbs  of  this  class  must  seem  to  many 


i  A  somewhat  similar  difficulty  results  from  the  careless  phras- 
ing used  in  discussing  the  implication  of  various  interrogative 
particles;  e.g.  nonne  is  said  to  'expect'  an  affirmative  answer. 
But  the  thoughtful  student  is  again  thrown  off  the  track.  When 
a  mother  induces  a  child  to  swallow  something  it  probably  will 
not  relish,  she  may  say:  "Now,  dear,  wasn't  that  nice?"  and  un- 
questionably nonne  is  the  word  to  use.  But  the  mother  cannot 
be  said  to  expect  an  affirmative  answer  (probably  she  does  not). 
Rather,  she  selects  a  form  that  suggests  an  affirmative  answer. 
These  are  two  quite  different  things. 


12  Latin  Composition 

young  students  an  evidence  of  abnormal  psychology 
on  the  part  of  the  Romans.  It  is  a  simple  matter 
to  show  that  the  English  renderings  are  in  many  cases 
inexact,  and  that  the  real  meaning  of  the  Latin  verbs 
is  quite  in  accord  with  the  case  chosen.  Thus,  in 
early  Latin,  servire  is  used  to  balance  libertus  esse 
in  the  same  sentence,  the  former  signifying  '  to  be  a 
slave,'  the  latter  'to  be  a  freedman.'  If  servio,  then, 
means  '  be  a  slave,'  '  be  in  bondage,'  or  even  '  work 
(for),'  why  should  it  not  govern  the  dative?  When 
once  this  aspect  of  the  case  has  been  pointed  out,  it 
is  surprising  to  find  how  often  one  of  these  mean- 
ings shines  out  in  passages  where  we  have  long  been 
content  with  the  rendering  'serve.'  With  opitulor 
the  situation  is  somewhat  different ;  but  the  reason 
for  the  use  of  the  dative  is  even  more  obvious.  For 
the  verb  is  manifestly  a  compound,  and  practically 
nothing  more  than  the  phrase  opem  fero,  with  which 
the  use  of  the  dative  is  taken  as  a  matter  of  course. 

II.   MASTERY  OF  THE  GRAMMATICAL 
CONSPECTUS 

After  completing  the  preliminary  review  above 
recommended,  the  next  step  is  to  become  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  additional  points  enumerated  in  the 
Grammatical  Conspectus,  which  must  be  worked 
through  carefully,  making  sure  that  the  exact  bearing 


Suggestions 


13 


of  each  item  is  understood.  Then,  omitting  all  explan- 
atory matter,  and  reducing  everything  to  the  smallest 
compass  possible,  the  whole  scheme  should  be  ab- 
stracted on  two  large  sheets  of  paper,  so  that  the  stu- 
dent may  have  his  material  in  such  form  that  anything 
can  be  located  at  a  glance.  This  is  a  necessary  pre- 
liminary to  the  two  steps  next  to  be  taken. 

By  writing  in  a  small  clear  hand,  it  will  be  found 
possible  to  include  all  the  material  on  two  pages  of 
standard  letter  size.  It  is  suggested  that  the  pages 
be  divided  as  follows,  retaining  the  numbering  and 
lettering  used  in  the  original : 

A.     Forms 


I.  (a). 

(b) 

(c) 

II.  (a) 

(b) 

(o) 

III.  (a) 

(b) 

(c) 

IV 

B.     Svntax 


I.  Verbs 

II.  Nouns 

III.  Pronouns, 
etc. 

IV.  Adverbs, 
etc. 

14  Latin  Composition 

After  carefully  examining  and  abstracting  the 
Grammatical  Conspectus,  the  student  may  test  his 
mastery  of  the  same  by  using  some  of  the  English- 
Latin  Exercises  of  this  book.  It  will  be  noted  that 
these  Exercises  are  divided  into  three  groups  of  about 
equal  difficulty.  In  each  Part  the  opening  Exercises 
are  short  and  simple,  with  subsequent  increase  in 
length  and  complexity. 

Probably  no  class  will  need  to  write  more  than  the 
Exercises  of  a  single  Part,  and  the  book  can  therefore 
be  used  in  successive  years  without  repetition  in  this 
particular.  The  instructor  may  find  that  some 
classes  have  developed  sufficient  proficiency  before 
completing  a  Part.  In  such  cases  it  will  be  well  to 
pass  at  once  to  the  next  phase  of  the  work  soon  to  be 
described. 

How  the  use  of  the  Exercises  makes  for  mastery  of 
the  Grammatical  Conspectus  may  be  illustrated 
briefly  by  consideration  of  such  sentences  as  the 
following  : 

1.    Balbus  ought  to  have  set  out  with  three  thou- 
sand soldiers. 

Balbus    cum    tribus    milibus    militum    proficisci 
debuit. 

Here  three  points  are  reviewed,  namely  :  (1)  the 
proper  tense  of  the  infinitive  with  debuit ;  (2)  the 
fact  that  milia  is  a  noun,  with  genitive  modifier  ;  and 
(3)  the  spelling  of  the  genitive  plural  of  miles. 


Suggestions  15 


2.  Our  forces  increase  in  number  daily,  and  Caesar 

will  soon  return. 

Copiae  nostrae  in  dies  numero  crescunt ;  ac  Cae- 
sar brevi  redibit. 

Again  three  points  are  recalled  :  (1)  'increase'  is 
intransitive,  hence  crescunt ;  (2)  '  daily '  marks  pro- 
gression, hence  in  dies ;  (3)  '  return '  is  intransitive, 
hence  redibit. 

3.  He  says  that  "ships  would  have  been  sent,  if  the 

enemy  had  burned  the  other  houses  (domus) 
also. 

Dicit  futurum  fuisse  ut   naves  mitterentur,  si 
hostes  ceteras  quoque  domus  incendissent. 

This  sentence  brings  into  play  the  following  fac- 
tors :  (1)  contrary  to  fact  in  indirect  discourse, 
with  passive  verb  in  apodosis,  hence  use  of  the  peri- 
phrasis; (2)  'burn '  is  transitive,  hence  incendissent; 
(3)  spelling  of  the  perfect  tense  of  incendo  ;  (4)  'the 
other,'  hence  not  alias;  (5)  agreement  of  adj.  (fern.) 
with  domus. 

As  intimated  above,  not  all  classes  make  equally 
rapid  progress  in  the  mastery  of  the  material  out- 
lined in  the  Grammatical  Conspectus.  In  no  case 
should  the  next  process  be  attempted  until  the 
student  is  thoroughly  familiar  with  everything  there 
involved. 


16  Latin  Composition 

III.   WRITING  OF  ENGLISH-LATIN 
EXERCISES 

This  is  the  most  difficult  part  of  the  course ;  but, 
for  the  best  students,  it  is  also  the  most  fascinating. 
The  problem  now  before  the  class  is  to  construct 
simple  passages  of  English  that  will  test  effectively 
the  weak  points  in  Latin  composition. 

The  shorter  exercises  in  the  three  Parts  of  this 
volume  give  a  very  fair  idea  of  what  should  be 
aimed  at  under  this  head ;  but  probably  some  sug- 
gestions as  to  details  of  procedure  will  be  helpful. 

The  instructor  first  selects  a  suitable  bit  of  Latin 
text.  This  he  assigns  to  the  class  as  the  basis  for 
the  next  exercise,  all  to  work  upon  the  same  passage. 
Experience  has  demonstrated  the  desirability  of 
giving  the  student  some  very  specific  instructions  as 
to  how  to  go  about  his  task,  namely: 

(1)  Make  a  careful  study  of  the  Latin  passage, 
allowing  it  to  lie  under  the  eye  for  several  days. 

(a)  Note  and  underline  in  the  text,  as  it  stands, 
all  the  forms  and  constructions  that  seem  worth 
incorporating  in  an  exercise.  Here  should  be 
taken  into  account,  not  only  the  Grammatical 
Conspectus,  but  also  the  ground  covered  in  the 
preliminary  review.  (The  student  will  often  be 
surprised  to  find  how  much  material  for  his  pur- 
pose a  random  passage  of  Latin  will  provide.) 


Suggestions  17 


(6)  Consider  how,  by  additions  or  by  slight 
changes,  the  text  might  be  better  adapted  to  the 
purpose  in  view.  It  matters  little  if  liberties 
are  taken  with  the  Latin  story ;  for  it  is  not  here 
a  question  of  writing  history.  Any  change  of 
subject-matter  is  justified,  if  it  makes  for  a  better 
composition  exercise. 

(c)  Mark  for  elimination  all  rare  and  doubtful 
constructions. 

(2)  Write  out  an  English  exercise  based  on  the 
Latin  text. 

(a)  Be  careful  to  make  a  clear  and  coherent 
story.  It  will  help  a  little  to  this  end,  if  the  story 
is  given  a  name.  Still  better,  read  the  English  to 
some  person  unacquainted  with  the  Latin  text. 
This  will  disclose  at  once  any  lack  of  clarity. 

(6)  Avoid  all  involved  and  complex  structure. 
Rather  short  sentences  are  best ;  and  the  exercises 
themselves  should  not  exceed  one  hundred  and 
fifty  words.  (Brevity  will  be  found  a  hard  vir- 
tue here;  for  the  shorter  the  exercise,  the  more  dif- 
ficult it  is  to  bring  in  all  the  points  desired,  at  the 
same  time  meeting  the  requirements  of  English 
composition.) 

(c)  Make  discriminating  use  of  footnotes,  e.g. 
(a)  To  save  a  prospective  user  of  the  exer- 


18  Latin  Composition 

rise  the  trouble  of  looking  up  a  rare 
word. 

(/3)  To  suggest  a  literal  rendering,  where 
the  English  of  the  text  is  rather  idio- 
matic. (This  expedient  makes  for  better 
English  in  the  text  of  the  exercise.) 

(7)  To  make  sure  that  the  prospective 
user  of  the  exercise  will  choose  the  Latin 
word  essential  to  the  test  the  writer  has 
in  mind.  E.g.  if  it  is  desired  that  the 
phrase  '  order  that  no  one '  be  rendered 
imperare  ne  quis,  it  is  necessary  to  sug- 
gest impero  in  a  footnote,  for  otherwise 
many  will  choose  iubeo,  which  calls  for 
a  different  construction. 

(d)  Underline  the  words  and  phrases  that  illus- 
trate points  to  be  tested.  (This  makes  it  easy 
for  a  writer  to  present  his  ideas  rapidly,  if  called 
upon  in  a  class  exercise.) 

(3)  Make  an  exact  translation  into  Latin  of  the 
English  exercise. 

(4)  Bring  to  class :     (a)  the  original  Latin  text ; 
(6)  the  English  exercise;  and  (c)  the  Latin  trans- 
lation. 

The  class  procedure  may  well  take  on  seminar 
character.  Though  all  the  participants  have  been 
working  upon  the  same  Latin  passage,  no  two  of  the 


Suggestions  19 


English  exercises  will  be  alike ;  and  members  of  the 
class  may  be  called  upon  in  turn  to  present  their  con- 
tributions, explaining  what  is  involved  in  them,  and 
to  what  extent  they  are  based  directly  upon  the  orig- 
inal Latin  or  in  what  particulars  they  deviate  from 
it.  And  the  fact  that  the  starting  point  is  the  same 
for  all  makes  possible  a  lively  and  profitable  discus- 
sion, bringing  out  the  varied  possibilities  of  the 
Latin  text. 

******** 

Scattered  through  his  general  reading  the  instruc- 
tor will  find  many  short  Latin  passages  suited  to  this 
use.  In  general,  brief  bits  of  narrative  are  to  be  pre- 
ferred ;  for  passages  abstract  in  thought  are  not  easily 
handled  by  a  class.  Good  material  is  abundant  in 
Cicero's  speeches  and  philosophical  works,  in  the  out- 
lying parts  of  Caesar's  writings,  and  in  Nepos.  A 
single  example  will  suffice  : 

Nepos,  Han.  11.  4  ff.:  Horum  in  concursu  Bithyni 
Hannibalis  praecepto  universi  navem  Eumenis 
adoriuntur.  Quorum  vim  rex  cum  sustinere  non 
posset,  fuga  salutem  petiit;  quam  consecutus  non 
esset  nisi  intra  sua  praesidia  se  recepisset,  quae  in 
proximo  litore  erant  collocata.  Reliquae  Perga- 
menae  naves  cum  adversarios  premerent  acrius,  re- 
pente  in  eas  vasa  fictilia,  de  quibus  supra  mentionem 
fecimus,  conici  coepta  sunt.  Quae  iacta  initio  risurn 
pugnantibus  concitarunt  neque  quare  id  fieret  poterat 
intellegi.  Postquam  autem  naves  suas  oppletas 


20 


Latin  Composition 


conspexerunt  serpentibus,  nova  re  perterriti,  cum 
quid  potissimum  vitarent  non  viderent,  puppes  verte- 
runt  seque  ad  sua  castra  nautica  rettulerunt.  Sic 
Hannibal  consilio  arma  Pergamenorum  superavit, 
neque  turn  solum,  sed  saepe  alias  pedestribus  copiis 
pari  prudentia  pepulit  adversaries. 

Aside  from  the  routine  of  grammatical  phenomena, 
this  little  passage  twenty  times  or  more  illustrates 
points  included  in  the  Grammatical  Conspectus.  In 
the  order  of  the  text  these  are  as  follows  : 


adoriuntur  ;  transitive 
compound  of  ad-. 

vim ;  vs.  plu. 

sustinere;  transitive  com- 
pound of  sub-. 

consecutus  esset;  transi- 
tive compound  of  con-. 

se  recepisset;  vs.  de- 
duco  ('  withdraw '). 

Reliquae ;  vs.  aliae. 

conici ;  transitive  com- 
pound of  con-.  Also 
form  of  pres.  pass,  infin. 
3d  conjug. 

coepta  sunt;  passive  be- 
cause of  conici. 

fieret;  form. 


intellegi;  transitive  com- 
pound of  inter-;  also 
form  of  pres.  pass,  infin. 
3d  conjug. 

autem ;  postpositive. 

oppletas;  transitive  com- 
pound of  ob-. 

conspexerunt ;  transitive 
compound  of  con-  ;  also 
tense  with  postquam. 

verterunt;  spelling. 

castra;  vs.  fern. 

consilio ;  vs.  concilio. 

arma ;  vs.  fern. 

copiis ;  vs.  sing. 

pari ;  spelling  of  abl. 

pepulit;  spelling. 


To  the  points  already  involved  in  a  text  others 
often  may  be  added  by  introducing  slight  changes. 
For  example,  in  the  above  passage  : 


Suggestions  21 


1.  Hannibalis   praecepto  .  .  .   adoriuntur;    change 
to  '  Hannibal  ordered  (iubeo)  that  they  should  attack/ 
thus   testing   the   tense   of   the   infinitive    (Hannibal 
iussit  eos  adoriri). 

2.  navem  Eumenis ;  add  'alone'  (solus),  calling  for 
genitive  form  solius. 

3.  quam  consecutus  non  esset,  etc. ;  throw  into  indirect 
discourse  by  prefixing  'many  people  think  that.'     This 
will  test  also  the  proper  treatment  of  the  word  '  people ' 
in  such  connections. 

4.  Quae  iacta;  substitute  'a  thing  (res)  which,'  call- 
ing for  incorporation  in  the  relative  clause  (quae  res). 

5.  serpentibus;  add  'so  many,'  giving  a  chance  to 
write  the  indeclinable  tot. 


IV.   SUPPLEMENTARY  WORK 

If  time  allows,  the  work  of  the  course  as  aoove 
outlined  may  well  be  supplemented  by  a  study  of 
Latin  phrases  and  idioms.  Without  upholding  the 
procedure,  we  must  all  admit  that  the  majority  of 
Latin  students  acquire  their  knowledge  of  the  lan- 
guage a  word  at  a  time.  From  this  it  follows  that 
many  of  them,  having  once  paired  an  English  word 
and  a  Latin  word  in  their  minds,  are  inclined  to  throw 
one  of  the  pair  into  the  breach  whenever  its  fellow 
appears.  This  sometimes  makes  sheer  nonsense, 
and  again  very  poor  English. 

Not  to  mention  such  unbelievable  (yet  actual) 
atrocities  as  humi  quod  for  'on  the  ground  that,' 


22  Latin  Composition 

t 

sum  iens  scribere  for  'I  am  going  to  write/  and 
cives  in  corpore  for  'the  citizens  in  a  body,'  the 
Grammatical  Conspectus  reveals  less  culpable  weak- 
ness of  the  same  general  character  ;  e.g.  the  tendency 
of  students  to  render  'ever'  uniformly  by  umquam, 
without  noting  that  'ever'  sometimes  medns  'always,' 
requiring  then,  of  course,  the  translation  semper. 
Again,  many  students  seem  to  have  in  mind  but  one 
word  to  render  '  increase '  into  Latin,  thus  falling  into 
the  error  of  using  cresco  when '  increase '  is  transitive, 
or  augeo  when  it  is  intransitive. 

It  is  extremely  desirable  that  the  prospective 
teacher  of  Latin  be  forewarned  as  to  this  common 
failing  on  the  part  of  the  secondary  school  student. 
A  little  care  and  attention  expended  here  will  do 
much  for  the  establishment  of  habits  of  clear  think- 
ing and  exact  expression.  For  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  demonstrating  to  any  class  the  utter  futil- 
ity of  attempting  the  work  of  translation  on 
the  basis  of  a,  mere  mechanical  replacing  of  in- 
dividual words  by  unvarying  substitutes  in  another 
language. 

A  simple  and  convincing  illustration  is  found  in 
the  two-word  groups  made  up  of  noun  and  adjective  ; 
and  a  case  in  point  is  incorporated  in  Miss  Sabin's 
Relation  of  Latin  to  Practical  Life,  page  28,  where 
the  adjective  magnus  is  coupled  with  a  great  variety 
of  nouns.  At  a  glance  it  is  manifest  that  any  "stand- 


Suggestions  23 


ard"  rendering  of  this  adjective  is  worse  than  in- 
adequate, and  that  the  translation  cannot  be  deter- 
mined except  by  taking  into  account  the  other  word 
of  the  group,  e.g.  'loud  shouting,'  'careful  considera- 
tion,' 'intense  pain,'  ' high  price,'  ''strong  confidence,' 
etc. 

The  same  thing  is  true  of  the  following  familiar 
and  usually  mistranslated  passage  : 

Cic.  in  Cat.  i.  18:  Quam  ob  rem  discede,  atque  hunc 
mihi  timorem  eripe:  si  est  verus,  ne  opprimar;  sin 
falsus,  ut  tandem  aliquando  timere  desinam. 

Most  students  slip  over  this  passage  with  the  con- 
ventional renderings  '  true '  and  '  false '  for  the  adjec- 
tives. It  is  only  when  they  take  into  account  the 
noun  timor  that  a  proper  translation  is  achieved,  e.g. 
'well  grounded'  and  'groundless.' 

Carrying  this  a  little  farther,  there  are  many  Latin 
combinations  (in  other  words,  phrases  and  idioms) 
that  are  well  worth  the  attention  of  a  class  of  pro- 
spective teachers.  All  know  that  'make  a  speech '  is 
orationem  habere;  but  few  are  familiar  with  the 
legal  phrase  causa  cadere  ('lose  a  suit'). 

It  is  proposed,  therefore,  that,  as  supplementary 
work  for  the  course  here  outlined,  the  members  of 
the  class  be  directed  to  watch  in  their  reading  for 
Latin  phrases  that  appear  idiomatic  and  worth  re- 
membering. As  rapidly  as  noted,  these  should  be 
listed  alphabetically  in  an  inexpensive  card  catalogue. 


24  Latin  Composition 

The  following  form  of  entry  has  been  found  con- 
venient : 


Attract  attention  : 

oculos  movere,  Cic.  de  Off.  1.  98. 


A  few  samples  are  appended,  to  show  the  scope  of 
this  phase  of  the  work  : 

Abused,  be  (verbally):  nobis  indigna  audire,  Cic.  de 
Off.  1.  137. 

Accept  a  bribe  (to  do  a  thing) :  quaestum  facere  ut, 
Cic.  p.  Font.  17. 

According  to  the  old  proverb:  ut  est  in  vetere  pro- 
verbio,  Cic.  Tusc.  Disp.  2.  11. 

Administration:  during  my  administration,  me 
obtinente,  Cic.  ad  Att.  5.  21.  7. 

Advanced  in  years:  iam  affectus  senectute,  Cic.  de 
Orat.  3. 68. 

Among  other  things:  in  eis,  Cic.  ad  Att.  3.  6. 

Apply  the  torch:  faces  admovere,  Cic.  Tusc.  Disp. 
2.  61.  . 

As  a  matter  of  fact:  si  verum  quaerimus,  Cic.  Tusc. 
Disp.  2.  54. 

Quite  aside  from  the  intrinsic  value  of  a  well  clas- 
sified collection  of  this  sort,  such  work  tends  to  de- 
velop a  closeness  of  observation  that  makes  both  for 
an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  ways  of  the  Latin 
language  and  for  carefully  considered  and  idiomatic 
rendering  into  English. 


Suggestions  25 


For  the  proposed  course  as  a  whole,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  methods  here  recommended  have  proved 
very  successful  in  bringing  prospective  teachers  to  a 
state  of  real  efficiency  in  the  subject ;  and  in  some 
cases  even  brief  training  of  this  sort  has  quite  revo- 
lutionized ideas  as  to  the  utility  and  (may  it  safely 
be  added?)  the  pleasures  of  Latin  composition. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  EXERCISES 
PART  I 

Exercise  i 

Cicero  thinks  that  Pompey  would  not  have  been 
sent  into  Asia,  had  not  the  senate  been  persuaded 
by  him1  that  Pompey  was  the  man2  to  be  chosen. 
But  as  a  matter  of  fact 3  the  senators  themselves  were 
willing  that  he  should  go,  in  order  that  their  own 
power  might  be  greater  at  Rome.  Would  that  he 
were  now  here  to  see  to  it 4  that  his  friends  are  in  no 
wise5  injured!  But  though  he  is  away,  I  do  not 
think  that  they  will  be  driven  out;  for  they  appear 
in  the  forum  daily  with  many  of  their  relatives.6 
However,  if  they  do  go  into  exile,  they  will  proceed 
to  a  city  in  Sicily  which  is  called  Syracuse  7  —  a  town 
in  which  Dionysius  reigned  more  than  thirty  years. 

Exercise  2 

In  the  army  were  many  men  of  valor,  who  often 
had  not  hesitated  to  risk8  their  lives  for  their  coun- 
try; but  among  them  9  there  is  said  to  have  been  none 

1  I.e.  Cicero.  2  Omit.  3  re  vera.  4  video.  6  Adv. 
ace.  6  propinqui.  7  Plu.  noun.  8  periclitor.  9  in 
and  abl. 

26 


English-Latin  Exercises  27 

braver  than  Quintus  Fabius,  a  man  whom  all  pos- 
terity should  honor.  For  on  one  occasion,  when 
there  was  no  one  who  dared  to  cross  a  bridge  to 
save l  a  wounded  officer,2  he  ran  forward  boldly  and 
sustained  the  enemy's  attack  single-handed3  until 
the  officer  was  taken  to  a  safe  place.  The  story 4  of 
this  exploit 5  was  reported  to  the  senate  6  at  Rome, 
and  that  body 7  never  rendered  heartier  thanks.8 
Indeed9  I  believe  that  a  regular  thanksgiving10 
would  have  been  decreed  in  Fabius'  name,  if  such 
an  honor  were  ever  given  for  saving  n  the  life  of  an 
individual 12  citizen. 

Exercise  3 

When  the  general  saw  the  scouts 13  of  the  enemy  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  he  ordered14  that  the 
cavalry  should  cross  as  quickly  as  possible,  so  that 
the  enemy  might  have  less  opportunity  to  harass 15 
the  soldiers  who  had  gone  from  the  camp  to  get 
water.  It  is  said,  however,  that  the  horsemen  had 
been  demoralized16  by  previous17  encounters,  and 
hence18  were  now  unwilling  to  obey  such  an  order.19 
Therefore,  fearing  that  some  calamity  might  be 


1  def endo.  -  legatus.  3  solus.  4  fama.  5  res. 
6  defero  ad.  7  concilium.  8  gratias  ago.  9  quin 
etiam.  10  supplicatio  iusta.  u  cum-clause.  12  unus. 
1 '  explorator.  14iubeo.  15lacesso.  '"frango.  17  su- 
perior. K  ob  earn  causam.  19  imperium. 


28  Latin  Composition 

suffered,  if  he  insisted,1  the  commander  withdrew  his 
forces  to  the  nearest  hill.  There,  calling  a  council, 
he  found 2  that  all  were  anxious  3  to  return  to  their 
homes  in  Italy.  Indeed  there  were  some  who 
thought  that  they  ought 4  to  start  that  very  night ; 
but  these  were  finally  persuaded  that  this  was  too 
hasty.5 

Exercise  4 

Though  Clodius  was  trying  to  drive  Cicero  into 
exile,  Caesar  and  Pompey  realized  6  what  was  being 
done  and  yet  were  not  willing  to  interfere,  7  judg- 
ing that  the  security  8  of  the  state  was  of  more  im- 
portance 9  than  the  safety  of  one  citizen.  Yet  it  is 
thought  by  many  people  that  Pompey  did  wrong  10 
in  thus  deserting11  Cicero  after  having  previously 
promised  him  his  aid.12  The  situation  was  aggra- 
vated by  the  fact  that J3  the  old-time  14  forces  of 
Catiline,  which  Cicero  had  subdued  a  few  years 
before,  and  which  had  now  chosen  15  a  new  leader, 
were  ready  16  to  aid  Clodius.  Thus  the  number  of 
Cicero's  enemies  was  daily  increasing,  and  a  gen- 
eral 17  uprising  18  began  to  be  feared.  So,  with  the 


1  persevere.  2  reperio.  3  volo.  4  Gerundive.  6  prae- 
properus  (note  force  of  prefix).  °  sentio.  ~  intercede. 
8  quies.  9  Forms  of  plus  and  sum.  10  pecco.  "  Rela- 
tive clause.  12  opera.  13  Lit.  '  it  was  added  that ' 
(accedo  ut).  "pristinus.  15  deligo.  16paratus. 
17  Superl.  of  magnus.  18  tumultus. 


English-Latin  Exercises  29 

idea  1  of  preserving  2  the  peace  of  the  state,  Cicero 
withdrew  from  Rome,  and  did  not  return  3  to  the 
city  until4  he  was  recalled  by  a  vote  of  the  people.5 

Exercise  5 

When  6  this  had  been  reported  to  7  Curio  in  his 
camp,  he  at  once  called  Balbus  and  others  to  a  coun- 
cil, so  that,  through  the  advice  of  many,  it  might  be 
more  easily  decided  what  was  best  to  be  done.  When 
all  had  gathered,  Balbus  declared  that  without 
Caesar's  order  8  they  ought  9  not  to  leave  camp ; 
for10  sixty  thousand  Gauls  were  already  under11  arms, 
and  the  Germans  would  soon  be  summoned  12  from 
their  homes 13  beyond  the  Rhine,  a  combination 14 
which  by  no  means  could  be  resisted  by  a  single 
legion.  However,  believing  that  they  ought  to 
escape  before  the  Germans  should  join  the  Gauls, 
Curio  urged  that  camp  be  broken15  at  once,  and 
that  they  should  not  allow  to  slip  16  a  chance  to 
elude  17  the  enemy.  This  view  18  finally  prevailed  19 
and  they  marched  forth  from  camp,  —  a  move 20 
which  subsequently  no  one  regretted  21  more  than 
Curio  himself. 


1  causa,  z  conserve.  '  revertor.  4  priusquam. 
6  plebiscitum.  « ubi.  7  defero  ad.  *  iniussu.  "  Gerun- 
dive. 10  nam  (indirect  discourse).  u  in.  12arcesso. 
13  sedes.  14  coniunctio.  16  moveo.  ie  dimitto.  17  fallo. 
18  sententia.  19  supero.  20  res.  21  paenitet. 


30  Latin  Composition 

Exercise  6 

Cleomenes,  who  regarded  himself  as  a  second  x 
Verres,  in  very  similar  fashion 2  would  drink 3 
whole  days  on  the  shore.  But  once  it  was  suddenly 
announced  to  him  that  a  ship  of  alarming  4  appear- 
ance was  approaching  the  coast.  The  other  offi- 
cers 5  wanted  to  fight ;  but  thinking  that  he  and  all 
of  his  men  would  presently  6  be  murdered  by  pirates, 
Cleomenes  at  once  boarded 7  his  largest  vessel, 
where  he  gave  orders  8  that  the  sails  should  be  set,9 
and  commanded  that  the  other  vessels  follow  him 
as  quickly  as  possible.  However,  they  were  small, 
and  not  to  be  compared  in  speed  with  the  leader's 
ship.  So  the  latter 10  escaped  very  easily,  while 
the  other  officers  were  captured  by  the  pirates  or 
lost  in  the  sea.  There  are  some  who  judge  that  if 
Cleomenes  had  not  fled  so  hastily,  he  without  doubt 
would  have  saved  n  all  his  ships  and  driven  the  pi- 
rates from  the  harbor.  For  his  own  vessel  was  so 
strong  12  that  it  could  easily  have  protected  13  the 

others. 

Exercise  7 

The  worst  people  are  sometimes  prosperous, 
while  the  best  are  often  most  unfortunate. 14  Con- 

1  alter.  2  similiter  (superl.).  3  poto.  4  terribilis. 
6  praepositus.  8  brevi.  7  conscendo.  8  iubeo.  9  facio. 
10ille.  "conserve.  12  Lit.  'of  such  strength.'  13  Use 
praesidium.  H  miser. 


English-Latin  Exercises  31 

sequently,  as  a  noted  philosopher  used  to  say,  it 
makes  no  difference  1  what  sort  of  person  2  you  are 
and  how  you  have  lived ;  for  there  is  no  reward  of 
virtue.  And  when  this  same  man  had  returned  3 
from  Egypt  to  Athens,  a  city  which  is  very  famous 
for  its  temples,  a  certain  friend  said  to  him,  "Have 
you  never  seen  the  votive  tablets  4  and  realized  how 
many  people  through  their  vows  escaped  the  force 
of  the  tempest  and  arrived  safely  in  port?"  "But," 
replied  he,  "you  do  not  take  into  account 5  the  great 
number  6  of  men  who  made  vows  7  and  yet  were  not 
spared  8  by  the  gods,  but  9  were  swallowed  up  10  in 
the  sea."  And  he  frequently  warned  his  friends 
that  human  affairs  are  unnoticed n  by  the  gods. 
They,  however,  thought  there  was  no  doubt 12  that 
he  was  wrong  1S,  and  they  did  not  hesitate  to  tell 14 
him  so. 

Exercise  8 

After  15  Philo  had  withdrawn  to  Sparta  on  the 
ground  that 16  his  life  was  in  great  danger,  he  often  led 
the  enemy  against  his  own  countrymen,  in  order 
that  the  latter  might  realize  more  fully 17  how  great 
a  general  they  had  lost.  Under  his  leadership 18  the 

1  Use  interest.  -  qualis.  3  revertor.  4  tabula  picta. 
5  rationem  habeo  (and  gen.},  'multitude.  7  voveo. 
•conserve.  "Lit.  'and.'  I0  submerge.  Il  neglego. 
12  Use  non  dubium.  13  erro.  >4  confirmo  (with  dat.}. 
I6postquam.  18quod.  n  plane.  18  Use  dux. 


32  Latin  Composition 

Spartans  l  won  2  many  a  victory ;  and  there  are 
some  who  believe  that  they  would  have  taken  3 
Athens  itself,  had  they  not  been  filled  with  sus- 
picion 4  regarding  the  sincerity  5  of  their  leader  ; 
for  they  feared  that  he  might  be  seeking  some  op- 
portunity to  betray  them  6  to  the  Athenians. 

Therefore,  thinking  it  best 7  to  leave,  Philo  did 
not  hesitate  to  flee  8  even  to  the  Persians  9,  among 
whom  he  remained  until  he  was  recalled  by  his  citi- 
zens to  help  them  against  the  Spartans  —  a  thing 
which  he  had  all  along  10  realized  n  would  ultimately 
happen. 12  In  fact  it  is  said  that  no  one  was  ever 
welcomed  13  home  with  greater  manifestations  of 
joy 14  than  he. 

Exercise  g 

After  this  defeat,15  fearing  that  he  would  be  sur- 
rendered to  the  Romans  (which  I  think  surely  would 
have  happened,16  had  he  remained  in  Asia  at  that 
time),  the  Carthaginian  17  betook  himself  to  a  large 
town  in  the  island  of  Crete.  There  too  he  soon 
found 18  that  he  was  in  great  danger ;  for  he  was  car- 
rying with  him  a  huge  sum  of 19  money,  and  the 

1  Lacedaemonii.  2  pario  or  reporto.  3  potior.  4  Use 
incertus.  6  fides.  6  Reflex.  7  Lit.  'the  best  (thing) 
to  do.'  "refugio.  "Persae.  10  semper.  "  sentio. 
12  Lit.  'be'  (fio  is  defective).  13  reduce.  u  acclamatio. 
15clades.  16  Lit.  'would  have  been'  (sum).  17Poenus. 
18  sentio.  1D  grandis. 


English-Latin  Exercises  33 

townspeople  were  not  to  be  trusted.  1  Accordingly 
he  devised  2  a  plan  of  the  following  3  sort.  Collect- 
ing many  jars,4  he  filled  them  with  lead,  5  but  cov- 
ered 6  the  tops 7  with  gold  and  silver.  These  jars 
he  ostentatiously  8  deposited  9  in  a  public  temple 
for  safekeeping. 10  By  this  means  the  townspeople 
were  persuaded  that  all  his  wealth  was  in  their  power, 
and  they  guarded  the  temple  not  so  much  X1  from 
others  as  from  him,  fearing  that  in  some  way  he 
might  get  possession  of 12  his  own  money.  Saving  13 
his  property  in  this  manner,  the  Carthaginian  made 
his  way  to  an  influential 14  king  in  Pontus.  Surely 
there  never  was  a  man  more  resourceful 15  than  he. 

Exercise  10 

Certain  people  brought  to  Rome  from  Greece  the 
forged 16  will 17  of  a  very  rich  man  ;  and  to  make  this 
hold  good 18  the  more  easily,  they  had  enrolled 19  as  20 
heirs  with  themselves  two  men  of  great  distinction,21 
Marcus  Crassus  and  Quintus  Hortensius.  For 
these  latter,20  though  it  was  commonly22  thought 
that  they  were  upright  men,  had  not  hesitated  to 

1  Use  fidem  habeo.  2  ineo.  8  is.  4  amphora. 
6  plumbum.  •  operio.  7  Use  adj.  summus.  8  palam. 
•  colloco.  10  custodio  (gerundive).  "  tarn.  >2  potior. 
13  conserve.  "potens.  15caUidus.  18falsus.  17testa- 
mentum.  18  'make  .  .  .  hold  good,'  obtineo.  19  scribo. 
20  Omit.  2l  nobilitas  insignis.  K  vulgo. 


34  Latin  Composition 

intimate  l  that  they  were  not  unwilling  to  accept 
such  a  gift.  2  Thus  the  real  3  heir  gained  only  the 
name  of  the  dead  man,  while  the  property  was  pos- 
sessed by  others.  Leading  citizens 4  ought 5  not 
to  have  acted  6  thus,  and  it  was  not  right  7  that 
the  real  heir  should  in  this  way  be  deprived  of  his 
inheritance.  8  For  if  one  does  not  protect  from 
injury  9  when  he  can,  the  wrong  10  is  as  great  as  n  if 
the  injury  were  actually  12  inflicted  by  him.  Yet 
there  are  some  people,  who,  thinking  that  right 13 
is  one  thing  and  expediency  another,  are  ready 14 
to  do  without  hesitation  whatever  seems  advanta- 
geous to  themselves, l5  —  a  proceeding 16  which  is 
the  source 17  of  the  worst  crimes  and  disgraces. 
But 18  if  some  really  good  man  should  have  the 
power 19  by  a  mere  15  wish  to  become  heir  of  the 
rich,  he  would  not  embrace 20  the  opportunity, 
even  if  he  were  sure  21  that  it  could  be  done  with- 
out the  knowledge  of  any.  22 


1  significo.  2  munus.  3  verus.  4  principes  civitatis. 
5  oportet.  ?  se  gerere.  7  aequus  (with  infin.}. 
8  hereditas.  9  iniuriam  defendo.  10  culpa.  "  tarn  .  .  . 
quam.  12ultro.  13  'right  .  .  .  expediency,'  honestum  .  .  . 
utile.  14volo.  15ipse.  16res.  17  fons.  18  at.  19  pos- 
sum. 20  utor.  2I  exploratum  esse  (with  dat.).  22  Lit. 
'no  one  knowing'. 


English-Latin  Exercises  35 


Exercise  n 

Ten  years  ago  it  is  related  that  Diomedes  came 
near  to  being  l  despoiled  of  all  the  most  valuable 2 
possessions  he  had.  For  though  he  was  a  man  of  in- 
fluence and  distinction,  Yerres  summoned  him  to 
Syracuse  (which  is  the  capital  3  of  Sicily),  demand- 
ing that  he  display  to  him  certain  statues  of  remark- 
able 4  beauty  which  it  was  rumored  5  he  had  at 
home.  Perceiving  that  his  statues  would  be  stolen, 
if  Verres  once  caught  sight  of  6  them,  Diomedes  in- 
vented the  fiction  7  that  they  had  lately  been  sent  to 
a  friend  of  his  at  Malta ;  8  and,  shortly  afterward, 
adopting  9  a  device  10  very  similar  to  that  by  which 
many  of  his  countrymen  had  previously  eluded  n 
Verres,  he  quietly  left  Syracuse  and  took  refuge  12 
at  Rome.  S  Thereupon  the  father  of  Verres  wrote  13 
a  letter  from  Rome  to  his  son,  warning  him  that 
unless  he  took  care,14  on  his  return 15  home  he  would 
be  put  on  trial 16  for  his  many  crimes  (a  thing  wilich 
seemed  very  likely,17  for  there  was  now  no  one  at 
Rome  who  doubted  that  Verres  was  guilty  of  the 
greatest  wrongs18).  Frightened  by  this  letter,  Ver- 


1  Use  paene.  2  pretiosus ;  attract  into  rel.  clause. 
3  caput.  1  mirabilis.  6  Impcrf.  tense.  6  aspicio.  7  emen- 
tior.  »  Melita.  9  utor.  '  °  consilium.  "  fallo.  12re- 
fugio.  u  do.  u  caveo.  16  cum-clause.  16reum  facio 
(and  gen.).  17  veri  similis.  18  scelus  in  se  admittere. 


36  Latin  Composition 

res  recalled  1  Diomedes,  assuring  him  that  nothing 
would  be  taken  2  from  him,  even  though  it  should 
appear  3  that  he  was  richer  than  any  4  other  in- 
habitant of  all  5  Sicily. 

Exercise  12 

Once  a  very  poor  6  farmer  was  made  shepherd  7 
of  the  king's  flocks.  He  was  long  most  faithful  and 
upright ;  8  but  one  day,  as  he  was  passing  through 
the  woods,  he  noticed  a  chasm  9  in  the  earth  which 
had  been  opened 10  by  very  heavy  u  rains,  and,  moved 
by  curiosity,12  descended  into  it.  There  he  found 13 
the  body  of  a  dead  man  of  remarkable 14  size  with 15 
a  gold  ring  on  his 16  finger.  Quickly  appropriat- 
ing 17  this,  the  shepherd  climbed  out  and  returned 
home  to  tell  the  other  shepherds  what  he  had  seen. 
But  as  he  came  into  their  assembly,  he  happened  18 
to  turn  the  setting 19  of  the  ring  toward  his  palm, 
and  discovered  20  to  his  great  astonishment  that  he 
had  become  invisible ; 21  whereas,22  as  soon  as  he 
turned  it  to  its  proper16  position,  everyone  could 
see  him.  Therefore  he  informed  no  one  of  his  ex- 


1  reduce.  2  eripio.  3  reperio  (pass.).  4  quivis.  8  totus. 
6  pauper.  7  pastor.  8  probatus.  9  hiatus.  10  efficio. 
11  SuperL  of  magnus.  l2  cupiditas  videndi.  13  reperio. 
14  mirabilis.  18  Lit. 'and.'  16  Omit.  17arripio.  18Use 
casu.  19pala.  20  sentio.  21  Lit. 'that  he  could  be  seen 
(cerno)  by  no  one.'  22  Direct  disc. 


English-Latin  Exercises  37 

perience;1  but,  making  use  of  the  opportunity 
afforded  by  2  the  ring,  he  met  3  the  queen  secretly, 
made  4  a  plot  against  the  king,  and  killed  off  all 
those  whom  he  thought  it  unsafe  5  to  spare.  Thus 
it  is  said  that  in  a  short  time  he  made  him- 
self 6  king  not  only  of  one  city,  but  of  all  Lydia. 
There  are  some  who  would  not  have  acted  thus, 
even  if  the  reward  had  been  twice  as  great  7. 

Exercise  13 

Verres  once  desired  that  a  certain  statue  at  Syra- 
cuse should  be  removed  and  carried  away  to  adorn 
his  own  8  gardens,  though  the  Sicilian  9  priests  all 
declared  that  the  thing 10  was  impossible  because  the 
statue  was  of  remarkable11  antiquity  and  no  one 
could  touch  it  without  sin.12  Finding  that  nothing 
could  be  accomplished  by  words,  Verres  finally  or- 
dered 13  that  the  high  priest  should  be  arrested  14  for 
refusing15  to  do  what  had  been  asked.  Every- 
one thought  that  the  poor  man  would  merely  be  sent 
to  prison  ; 16  for  they  had  not  yet  realized  17  what 
sort  of  person 18  Verres  was.  This  excellent 19 


1  More  lit.  '  of  what  had  happened.'  2 '  afforded  by,' 
lit. 'of.'  3  convenio.  4  ineo.  6  periculosus.  'I.e. 
'  became'.  7  bis  tantus.  •  Use  ipse.  •  Siculus.  10  is. 
11  notabilis.  I2  noxa.  l3  iubeo.  M  in  vincula  conicio. 
16  cum-clausc.  18in  custodiam  trado.  17intellego. 
18  Omit.  »•  Supcrl.  of  bonus. 


272805 


38  Latin  Composition 

Roman,  though  it  was  winter  and  the  weather 1 
very  cold,  selected 2  an  equestrian  statue  in  the 
centre  of  the  forum,  and  ordered  his  soldiers  to 
strip  the  high  priest  of  his  garments  and  place  the 
man  upon  it  and  bind  him  fast.  Thus  a  man  of  repu- 
tation among  the  Sicilians,  who  held  3  the  high- 
est office  in  their  state,  was  left  exposed  in  the  snow 
and  cold.  And  the  torture  was  not  terminated  4 
until  the  priest  was  nearly  dead.  Then  the 
people  in  a  body  came  to  the  senate-house,5  de- 
manding that  Verres  be  given  the  ancient  statue 
which  he  asked,  and  crying  out  that  the  gods  them- 
selves would  surely  avenge  their  own  wrongs.  Thus 
it  was  that  Verres  gained  his  desire.6 

Exercise  14 

While  I  was  engaged  with  7  these  matters,  my 
slave  announced  that  a  Sicilian  official  wished  to 
see 8  me.  Though  I  was  busy,9  I  ordered  that 
the  man  should  be  admitted,  not  wishing  that 
the  Sicilians  should  have  any  occasion  to  accuse  me 
of  negligence.  And  I  am  not  sorry  10  that  I  acted 
thus  ;  for,  as  I  afterward  found  out,11  this  stranger 12 


1  tempestas.  2  deligo.  3  Use  praeditus.  *  More 
literally,  '  an  end  of  the  torture  was  not  made.'  8  curia. 
6  Lit. '  arrived  at  the  desired  (destinatus)  end.'  7  ago. 
8  convenio.  9  open  intentus.  10  paenitet.  "  reperio. 
12  ignotus. 


English-Latin  Exercises  39 

was  a  man  of  distinction,  who  had  lately  been 
elected  1  priest  of  Jupiter,  —  an  honor  which  the 
Sicilians  prize  very  highly.2  Moreover,  he  had 
come  to  urge  me  to  go  with  him  to  the  senate-house 
at  Syracuse,  saying  that  the  inhabitants  of  that 
city  would-  soon  be  deprived  3  of  every  right  unless 
I  should  help  them.  On  hearing  such  a  complaint  4 

I  at  once  set  out  with  him  for  Syracuse.     When  we 
arrived  there  and  had  taken  seats  5  in  the  senate, 
a  senator  eighty  years  of  age  began  to  speak,  point- 
ing  out   that  the  people  of   Syracuse6  were  ag- 
grieved 7   that  in  the  other  cities  in  Sicily  I  had 
told  8  the  senate  and  people  what  to  do  to  main- 
tain 9  their  rights,  while  at  Syracuse  I  had  done 
nothing  of  the  sort.     Whereupon  I  said  in  reply  10 
that  I  was  willing  to  do  all  in  my  power,  n  and  that 
having  undertaken  the  defense  12  of  all 13  Sicily,  I 
would  not  allow  the  people  of  Syracuse  to  be  in- 
jured, if  I  could  prevent  it. 

Exercise  15 

Many  years  ago  some  devout 14  people  desired 
that  a  very  beautiful  picture  15  should  be  painted, 

1  creo.  2  Forms  of  facio  and  multus.  3  spolio. 
4  querimonia.  5  sedeo.  6  Syracusani.  7  moleste  fero 
(with  infin.).  8  doceo.  » obtineo.  10respondeo. 

II  Lit.  'that  I  could.'       "  causam  suscipio.       13  totus. 
14  religiosus.       16  tabula. 


40  Latin  Composition 

that  they  might  have  a  gift  worthy  1  to  be  placed 
in  the  temple2  of  Juno  at  Tarentum.  And  so, 
though  it  was  thought  3  that  many  Italian  paint- 
ers were  competent  4  to  produce  such  a  work  of 
art,  5  messengers  were  sent  to  Greece  to  engage  6 
the  most  famous  artist  7  that  they  could  find  there. 
On  his  arrival  at  Tarentum,  the  illustrious  painter 
began  at  once  to  be  invited  8  to  other  cities  also ; 
but  he  declared  that  he  would  not  leave  Tarentum 
until  this  work  was  finished.  ^Accordingly  he  at 
once  had  an  interview  with  9  the  leaders  in  the 
city 10  and  decided  to  paint  a  likeness  n  of  Helen, 
as  being  12  the  fairest  of  all  women.  In  order  to 
carry  out  this  13  plan  more  easily,  he  asked  to  see  14 
the  handsomest  girls  living  in  the  city,  wishing  to 
copy  their  beauty  in15  the  picture.  Then  it  is  re- 
lated that  the  townspeople  escorted  the  man  to  the 
gymnasium  16  and  there  showed  him  boys  of  rare 
beauty  17  and  great  strength  exercising. 18  "From 
these,"  said  they,  "you  can  infer  how  handsome 
their  sisters  are."  But  when  the  painter  urged  his 
request  even  more  earnestly, 19  they  called  a  council 


1  dignus.  2  aedes.  3  Imperf.  tense.  4  idoneus. 
5  opus.  •  adhibeo.  '  opifex.  *  arcesso.  »  Use  con- 
venio.  10civitas.  "simulacrum.  12ut.  13ille. 
14  More  lit.  '  that  he  be  allowed  to  see.'  1B  Lit.  '  by ' 
(with  imitor).  16  palaestra.  17  Use  praeditus.  18  Rel. 
clause;  exerceo  requires  object.  19  acrius  insto. 


English-Latin  Exercises  41 

and  decided  that  the  maidens  should  be  summoned 
from  their  homes.  Of  these  the  artist  selected  l 
five,  thinking  that  every  charm  could  not  be  found 
in  the  person  2  of  one  individual  3 ;  and  in  this  way 
he  produced  a  picture  fairer  than  any  one  of  the 
five  girls. 

Exercise  16 

When  his  native  city  4  had  been  oppressed  by  ty- 
rants for  more  5  than  fifty  years,  Altorius  proceeded 
secretly  to  Argos,  6  where  he  gathered  7  the  largest 
possible  forces.  Returning  with  these,  he  took 8 
the  city,  killed  the  tyrant  then  ruling,  and  freed  the 
people  from  their 9  long  servitude.  He  also  re- 
stored 10  three  thousand  exiles,  men  of  wealth  and 
standing ;  and  while  he  did  not  doubt  that  these 
ought u  to  be  reimbursed  12  for  13  the  losses  which 
they  had  suffered,14  he  gave  orders  15  nevertheless 
that  no  one  of  them  should  try  to  recover  his  prop- 
erty by  force  from  those  who  had  bought  it  up 16 
after  it  was  confiscated.17  Then,  seeing  that  money 
was  the  thing  9  needed  18  to  adjust  matters,19  he 
proceeded  to  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  a  country  which 
was  then  ruled  by  Ptolemy.  This  rich  king  was 

1  deligo.  2  corpus.  3  Omit.  *  patria.  5  amplius. 
6  Argi.  7  colligo.  8  potior.  9  Omit.  10  in  patriam 
reduce.  "  oportet.  I2  satisfacio.  13pro.  M  damnum 
facio.  15impero.  16  coemo.  I7publico.  18  Use  opus, 
'•rem  const! tuo. 


42  Latin  Composition 

easily  persuaded  that  Altorius  and  his  country- 
men ought x  to  be  assisted  with  a  large  sum  of 2 
money.  Receiving  the  same,3  Altorius  returned 
home,  and  there  never  was  a  greater  benefactor4 
than  he.  For  it  is  said  that  he  satisfied  everyone, 
giving  money  to  some  in  place  of  5  their  lost  pos- 
sessions, and  restoring  the  property 6  of  others 
after  persuading  the  holders  7  to  sell  at  a  high  price. 

'Gerundive.     2grandis.     3  Lit. 'it.'     4  auctor  rerum. 
6  pro.      •  res  ipsa  (sing.).      7  possessor. 


PART  H 

Exercise  17 

It  is  said  that  the  Gauls,  being  men  of  wealth, 
then  asked  what  they  were  to  do  in  case  they  should 
find  anyone  lying  in  wait1  on  the  road.  "If  you 
meet  brigands  2  there,"  said  the  consul,  "do  not  try 
to  pass.  For  in  the  country  there  is  no  one  who  can 
help  you.  But  if  you  return  at  once  to  the  senate 
at  Rome,  we  will  send  to  many  houses  in  the  city 
and  summon  slaves  to  escort  you."  When  the 
Gauls  heard  this,  they  said  that  they  were  still  in 
doubt  3  what  was  best  to  do,  and  that  they  never 
would  have  left  home,  if  they  had  thought 4  that  the 
roads  were  so  dangerous. 

Exercise  18 

When  Caesar  had  stopped  a  few  days  near  this 
town  to  get  in  5  supplies,  he  hurried  to  Fabius  at  Ve- 
sontio.  There  it  is  said  that  many  inhabitants  6  of 
the  town  tried  to  frighten  the  Romans,  telling 7 
them  how  brave  the  Germans  were.  And  there  was 
no  one  who  doubted  that  they  spoke  the  truth. 


1  insidior.     2  latro.      3  dubito.      «  sentio.      6  compare. 
6  incola.       7  doceo. 

43 


44  Latin  Composition 

Fearing,  therefore,  that  some  reverse l  might  be 
suffered,  if  he  did  not  encourage  his  men,  Caesar 
called  an  assembly  2  and  said,  "All  of  us  know  that 
no  soldiers  are  braver  than  the  Germans.  But  do 
not  forget  that  this  tribe  which  we  are  about  to 
meet  in  battle  is  the  very  one  3  which  Fabius  de- 
feated on  his  march  4  through  Gaul  last  year." 

Exercise  19 

When  the  Germans  led  out  their  forces,  many  of  our 
men  at  once  hurried  forward,5  so  that  no  one  might 
say  that  any  were  bolder  thao  they.6  But  others, 
unwilling  to  leave  the  camp  on  the  hill,  remained 
behind  7  the  breastworks; 8  and  it  is  thought  by  many 
people  that  this  circumstance  was  the  salvation  9  of 
our  army.  For  the  Germans  have  a  wonderful  phy- 
sique,10 and  they  are  by  no  means11  easily  frightened. 

Thus  it  happened  that  when  our  men  drew  near, 
they  were  at  once  driven  back ;  indeed  they  fled  in 
haste  through  the  valley  to  their  friends  in  the  camp. 
A  little  later,  after 12  these  facts  had  become  known,13 
many  more  of 14  the  Germans  crossed  the  river,  hop- 
ing that  all  of  the  Romans  would  soon  be  expelled 
from  their 15  lands. 


1  detrimentum.  2  contio.  3  idem.  4  cum-clause. 
6  procurro.  6  ipse.  7  intra.  8  munitiones.  9  salus. 
10  Lit.  'are  of  wonderful  (mirabilis)  size  of  body.'  n  Sing. 
12  ubi.  13  cognosce.  14  Use  frequens.  15  The  Germans'. 


English-Latin  Exercises  45 

Exercise  20 

"Conscript  fathers,"  said  Cicero,  "I  shall  now 
set  forth  to  you  why  I  returned  l  to  Rome.  Avoid- 
ing Brundisium  for  good  cause,  2 1  had  come  on  Aug- 
ust 1  to  Syracuse,  3  a  town  which  could  not  detain 
me  more 4  than  one  night,  although  the  towns- 
people were  anxious  5  that  I  should  remain.  But, 
being  unwilling  to  delay,  fearing  that  I  should  thus 
lose  6  some  opportunity  to  sail,  I  took  7  ship,  and 
had  not  proceeded  8  far  when  I  was  driven  back  by 
adverse  winds. 

"After  stopping  one  night  at  the  home  of  9  Pub- 
lius  Valerius,  a  man  of  courage  and  discretion,  I 
learned  that  the  Gallic  provinces  would  be  given  up 
by  Antony,  and  that  he  was  now  willing  to  admit 10 
that  the  laws  of  the  state  must n  be  obeyed.  Hear- 
ing this,  I  did  not  hesitate  to  return  at  once  to  Brun- 
disium." 

Exercise  21 

Men  of  old 12  did  not  hesitate  to  ask 13  many  things 
of  the  gods  ;  and  yet  no  one  ever  vowed  a  gift 14  to 
Hercules  on  condition  that 15  he  should  be  made  a 
wise  man.  Although  it  is  said  that,  on  discover- 

1  revertor.  2  Lit.  'not  without  reason.'  3  Plu.  noun. 
4  amplius.  6  volo.  6  dimitto.  7  conscendo.  8  Pass,  of 
proveho.  "apud.  10confiteor.  "Gerundive.  12  anti- 
quus.  13  posco.  u  munus.  15  si. 


46  Latin  Composition 

ing l  something  new  in  his  studies,  Pyro  sacrificed  2 
a  bull  to  the  Muses ;  but  few  have  believed  this, 
inasmuch  as  he  was  unwilling  to  sacrifice  a  victim  3 
even  to  Apollo,  fearing  that  he  would  stain  4  the 
altar  with  blood. 

But,  to  return  to  my  subject,5  all  of  us  are  per- 
suaded that  only  good  6  fortune  is  to  be  asked  7  of 
the  gods,  and  that  wisdom  must  be  gained  by  our 
own  efforts.8  And  so,  while  we  dedicate  shrines 
to  Mens,  Virtus,  and  Fides,  there  is  no  one  who 
does  not  realize  that  the  attainment  of  these  attri- 
butes rests  with  us,9  and  6 'not  upon  the  beneficence 
of  the  gods. 

Exercise  22 

Fellow  citizens,  I  recall 10  that  a  certain  Sicilian,11 
a  friend  of  mine  and  a  man  of  distinction,  once 
told  me  that  he  had  been  robbed  12  of  a  golden 
cup  of  great13  weight,  which  it  was  his  custom14 
to  use  on  state  occasions.15 

"As 16  I  was  sitting  at  home  with  my  wife  and 
children,"  said  he,  "a  slave  of  the  praetor  ran  up, 
saying  that  his  master 17  had  directed 18  that  I  should 

1  cum-clause.  2  immolo.  3  hostia.  4  aspergo.  6  res ; 
omit  '  my.'  6  Omit.  7  peto.  8  Lit.  '  ourselves.' 
9  Lit.  'these  things  lie  (situs  esse)  in  us.'  10memini 
(with  pres.  infin.).  n  Siculus.  B  spolio.  13  grandis. 
14  soleo.  15  dies  festi.  16  dum.  "  dominus.  18  iubeo. 


English-Latin  Exercises  47 

at  once  bring  to  him  that  golden  cup.  Fearing  that 
some  evil  would  befall,  if  this  were  not  done,  I  or- 
dered 1  the  cup  to  be  brought  out  and  conveyed  with 
me  to  the  praetor's  house. 

"On  my  arrival 2  there,  I  soon  saw  3  that  he  in- 
tended 4  to  keep  the  cup ;  and  I  therefore  promised 
two  of  his  slaves  that  three  thousand  sesterces  would 
be  given  them,  if  they  should  persuade  their  mas- 
ter to  return  it  safe  to  me.  However,  they  began 
to  complain  that  they  could  do  nothing ;  and  so  I 
returned  5  home  sadly  6  without  my  cup." 

Exercise  23 

Then  said  Cicero  :  "On  Corcyra  there  is  a  city 
which  is  the  fairest  spot  7  in  all  8  Greece  —  a  town 
to  which  rich  Romans  often  come  in  summer  to  en- 
joy 9  a  more  healthful 10  climate.11  In  this  city  it 
is  said  that  there  once  was  a  very  large  temple 12  to 
Juno,  into  which  many  foreigners 13  brought  splen- 
did gifts.  These 14  gifts  were  long  untouched ; I5  but 
one  day  when  the  fleet  of  king  Masinissa  had  come 
into  that  port,  its  commander  16  seized  two  golden 
statues  of  great 17  beauty  and  carried  them  away  to 

1  iubeo.  2  Not  abstract  noun.  3  intellego.  *  in 
animo  habeo  (with  infin.).  Tevertor.  6  Use  adj. 
7  locus.  *  totus.  »  utor.  I0  salubris.  u  caelum. 
12  aedes.  13advena.  u  Direct  discourse.  1S  inviolatus. 
'•praefectus.  17insignis. 


48  Latin  Composition 

his  king  in  Africa.  The  latter  at  first  received  the 
gift 1  gladly ;  but  when  he  learned 2  whence  the 
statues  had  come,  3  he  ordered  4  that  they  should 
at  once  be  restored,  not  wishing  to  keep  what  be- 
longed to  another.  5  Many  good  deeds  6  of  Mas- 
inissa  are  recorded,  and  nothing  more  just  than 
this." 

Exercise  24 

Once  a  certain  lieutenant 7  of  the  governor 8  set 
out  from  Syracuse  9  with  the  greatest  parade lo  to 
drive  off  the  very  numerous  pirates11  who  were 
spoiling  ships  on  every  hand.  But  though  he 
boasted 12  that  the  enemy  would  be  put  to  flight 13  by 
his  approach,  he  did  not  care 14  to  risk 15  the  dangers 
of  battle,  but 16  fled  at  full  speed,  almost  before  the 
pirates  began  to  be  sighted  17  in  the  distance. 

To  escape  the  odium  of  this  action 18  more  easily, 
he  afterward  accused  of  cowardice 19  the  bravest 
men  he  had  commanded20  in  the  army.  And  this 
he  did  with  the  greatest  recklessness.21  For  one 
of  these  men,  a  captain  22  of  integrity  and  fortitude, 
had  not  seen  the  disgraceful 23  flight ;  in  fact  ^  he 

1  munus.  2intellego.  3  Lit. 'were.'  4 iubeo.  s  Use 
alienus.  8  recte  factum.  7  legatus.  8  praetor.  g  Plu. 
noun.  10  ostentatio.  "  pirata.  l2  glorior.  ufugo. 
14nolo.  15  subeo.  16  Lit. 'and'.  17conspicio.  18res. 
19  ignavia.  20  duco ;  attract  the  superl.  into  the  rel.  clause. 
21  audacia.  22  praef ectus.  23  foedus.  24  quin  etiam. 


English-Latin  Exercises  49 

did  not  even  leave  Syracuse  with  the  others,  being 
detained  there  by  a  serious  affection  l  of  the  eyes. 
Gentlemen  of  the  jury,  2  rest  assured  3  that  if  this 
sort  of  thing  4  continues  to  be  done  5  in  the  prov- 
inces, there  will  soon  be  no  one  who  cares  6  to  be 
called  a  friend  of  the  Roman  people. 

Exercise  25 

"Fellow  citizens,"  cried  he,  "it  thus  happened 
that  an  excellent  friend  of  mine  was  robbed  by  Yer- 
res  —  a  man  who  richly  deserves  7  your  hatred  and 
that  of  all  posterity.  For  he  treats  8  Roman  citi- 
zens as  though  they  were  slaves  ;  in  fact  it  is  said  by 
reliable  witnesses  9  that  he  was  not  deterred  from 10 
putting  to  death  a  certain  man  even  by  the  cry  n  of 
the  victim,12  'I  am  a  Roman  citizen.'  I  recall,13 
too,14  that  when  his  forces  had  been  defeated  by 
pirates  and  his  lieutenant  wanted  to  put  the  blame 
upon 15  the  others,  Verres  did  not  hesitate  to  allow  the 
Sicilian 16  officers 17  to  be  imprisoned  1S  and  even 19 
killed. 


1  morbus  gravis.  *  iudices.  3  scio  (what  tense?). 
4  tails  (neut.  plu.).  B  Lit.  '  is  done  longer.'  6  volo. 
7  dignus  (siiperl.).  8  ago  cum.  •  verus  testis. 

'"deterreo   quominus.  "  vox.  12  ille   miser. 

13  memini.       M  porro.       16  culpam  confero  in  (and  ace.). 
"  Siculus.  17praepositus.         18in  vincula   conicio. 

13  atque  vero. 


50  Latin  Composition 

"Thus  there  was  arrested  a  man  of  Heraclea1 
who  had  served  faithfully2  and  had  done  noth- 
ing contrary  to 3  orders.  This  person  of  note, 
realizing  that  he  must  4  die,  wrote  a  defense  of  his 
case,5  in 6  which  he  shows 7  to  all  people  how 
many  ships  and  sailors  he  had  at  the  time  of  sail- 
ing 8  from  Syracuse,  and  how  afterward  the  ships 
were  scattered  by  Verres'  lieutenant.  Of  course  9 
this  defense  did  not  help  him  at  all.  But  it  was  a 
splendid  effort, 10  and  there  is  no  one  throughout 
all  Sicily  n  who  has  not  read  it  and  been  stirred  with 
anger  as  he  learns  of  Verres'  wickedness." 

Exercise  26 

Nations  differ  much  among  themselves  in  customs 
and  opinions.  In  Africa  it  is  thought  by  the  Egyptians 
that  a  certain  monster,12  which  is  called  Apis,13  is  a 
god.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Persians  hold  that 
the  likeness  of  the  gods  ought  not  to  be  represented 14 
even  by  images  in  human  form.15  And  it  is  said 
that  Xerxes  burned  the  most  beautiful  temples  that 
Greece  possessed  for  the  reason  that  he  thought  it 
not  right 16  that  the  gods,  whose  home  is  the  whole 

1  Heracliensis.  2  fidem  servo.  3  contra  atque  (and 
verb).  4  Gerundive.  6  causa.  «  Lit.  '  by.'  7  doceo. 
8  cum-clause.  9  scilicet.  10  opus.  "  Place  where  (to- 
tus).  12  bestia.  13  Masc.  14  effingo.  *  humanus. 
16  nefas. 


English-Latin  Exercises  51 

universe, l  should  be  inclosed 2  by  walls.  These 
shrines  the  Greeks  have  never  even  planned  3  to  re- 
store, preferring  that  they  should  ever  be  a  memo- 
rial 4  to  5  Persian  wickedness. 

But,  to  return  to  my 6  subject,7  how  many 
nations  and  tribes  have  believed  that  it  is  very  ac- 
ceptable to  the  immortal  gods  to  sacrifice  8  human 
beings  —  than  which  I  can  think  of  nothing  more 
revolting !  9  And  there  are  even  some  who  hold  10 
that  it  is  right n  to  live  by  plundering 12  —  while 
we  Romans,  people  of  justice  and  piety,  do  not  al- 
low the  Gauls  to  plant  the  olive  and  the  vine,  in 
order  that  our  own  olive  gardens 13  and  vineyards 14 
may  be  more  valuable! 15 

Exercise  27 

At  that  time  the  governor 16  was  so  discourteous 17 
that  one  could 18  see  clearly  that  he  was  simply  con- 
sidering19 how  he  could  most  readily  insult20  us. 
However,  wishing  to  show21  myself  worthy  of  the 
honor  which  the  senate  had  conferred22  in  electing23 
me  to  look  into  Sicilian  affairs,24  I  went  at  once  to 


1  mundus.  2  intercludo.  3  constituo.  4  documen- 
tum.  *  Lit.  '  of.'  •  Omit.  7  res.  8  immolo.  9  foedus. 
10  duco.  "  ius.  12  latrocinor.  13olivetum.  "vinetum. 
16  Use  form  of  plus.  16  praetor.  17  inhumanus.  '"  Not 
possum,  "cogito.  20  contumelias  impono.  21  praesto. 
22  confero.  23  cum-clausc  (deligo).  24  res  investigo. 


52  Latin  Composition 

the  man  and  demanded  that  he  send  to  their  homes 
many  inhabitants l  of  neighboring  islands  whom 
he  had  long  kept  in  confinement.2 

Thereupon  he  became  very  angry,  and  declared 
that  they  should  never  return  while  he  was  alive  ;  in 
fact,  as  we  afterward  learned,3  he  had  already  is- 
sued an  order  4  that  no  one  should  make  known  to 
me  even  where  the  men  were  imprisoned.  And  so, 
though  I  did  not  fear  that  the  senate  and  the  Roman 
people  would  not  ratify  5  whatever  I  did,  I  decided 
to  wait  until  a  more  thorough 6  investigation 7 
should  be  made.  By  this  means  my  purpose  was 
accomplished ; 8  for  three  days  later  two  slaves 
were  found  who,  though  unwilling  to  speak  openly, 
were  induced  by  a  promise  of 9  five  thousand  sester- 
ces to  come  to  me  secretly  and  tell  the  whole  story. lo 

Exercise  28 

Fellow  citizens,  it  is  reported  that  after  Tiro  com- 
mitted n  many  cruel  deeds  in  Asia  he  was  warned  by 
several  people  that  these  crimes  would  shortly  be 
reported  to  12his13  countrymen  at  Sparta.  Learn- 
ing 14  this  and  thinking  that  it  much  concerned 15  his 

1  incola.         2  Lit.  '  chains.'        3  reperio.  4  hnpero. 

6  ratum  and  habeo.     6  accuratus.     7  quaestio.  8  Lit.  '  I 

arrived  at  the  desired  (destinatus)  end.'  9  Not  lit. 

10  res.  n  in  se  admittere.  12  defero  ad.  13  Omit. 
14  cognosce  (abl.  abs.).  lf>  maxime  interest. 


English-Latin  Exercises  53 

safety,  Tiro  begged  one  of  the  Persian  satraps  l  to 
give  him  a  testimonial,  2  setting  forth  3  how  merci- 
fully4 he  had  conducted  the  war.  The  satrap  did 
not  dare  to  refuse,  fearing  that  he  would  not  lightly  5 
be  pardoned,  6  if  he  did  not  write. 

When  Tiro  had  read  the  production  7  with  much 
pleasure  and  while  it  was  being  sealed,8  the  satrap 
stealthily  substituted 9  another  document 10  of 
like  size  and  appearance,  in  which  ll  he  had  recorded 
truly  the  acts  of  Tiro.  The  latter  on  returning 
home  made  a  speech  in  which  ll  he  maintained  his 
honesty 12  and  uprightness,  and  as  13  a  testimonial 
presented  14  the  document  written  by  the  satrap. 
After  Tiro  had  withdrawn,  the  magistrates  read 
the  book  privately,15  then  sent  it  back 16  to  him  17 
to  read.18  Thus  it  happened  that  Tiro  unwittingly 19 
became20  his  own21  accuser. 

Exercise  29 

It  is  an  open  question22  whether  we  should  put 
confidence23  in  dreams  or  not.  When  Socrates  was 
in  prison24  at  Athens,  it  is  said  that  he  dreamed  he 

1  satrapes,  -ae,  masc.  2  testimonium.  3  Omit.  4  Use 
humanitas.  5  facile.  6  ignosco.  7  haec.  8  signo. 
9  subicio.  10  liber.  "No  prop.  12  fidem  defendo. 
11  loco.  M  porrigo.  15  secreto.  "do.  17ipse.  ^Gerun- 
dive, '"imprudens.  2nfio.  2I  ipse  suus.  22incerum 
est.  -3  confido.  -4  in  custodia  teneo  (pass.). 


54  Latin  Composition 

saw  a  woman  of  august  mien,1  who  announced  that 
he  would  be  executed  in  a  few  days.  And  in  this 
he  was  not  deceived  ;2  for  shortly  afterward  he  was 
compelled  to  drain  the  deadly  3  cup. 

Furthermore,  can  there  anywhere  be  found  a 
more  reliable 4  witness  than  Aristotle?  And  yet 
this  prince  5  of  philosophers  relates  that  a  certain 
friend  of  his  on  a  journey  6  to  Macedonia  came  to 
Pharsalus  in  Thessaly  (a  town  which  afterward 
became  very  famous  7  because  of  the  battle  fought  8 
there) .  Here  9  the  friend 10  became  so  ill u  that  all 
of  the  doctors  gave  him  up. 12  However,  one  night 
the  man  dreamed  that  a  youth  of  more  than  human 
beauty13  stood  before  him  saying  that  he  would 
get  well 14  shortly,  that  the  tyrant  Alexander  would 
soon  be  killed,  and  that  he  himself 15  would  return 
home  after  five  years.  The  first  two  things 16  hap- 
pened just  as  had  been  predicted,  the  third  in  a 
somewhat  different  way. 17  And  so,  supported 18 
by  such  facts  (as  these), 19  there  are  some  who  did 


1  insignis  dignitas.  2  Lit.  '  this  thing  did  not  deceive 
(fallo)  him.'  3  exitialis.  4  certus.  6  princeps.  6  cum- 
clause.  7  celeber.  8  committo.  9  Direct  discourse. 
10  Use  ille.  "  Lit.  'fell  (incido)  into  such  severe  (gravis) 
illness.'  12  diffido  (no  object).  13  Lit.  'more  beauti- 
ful than  a  man.'  lt  convalesce  (supine  stem  lacking). 
16  I.e.  the  friend.  16Neut.  adj.  (not  res).  17  aliquanto 
diversius  (adv.}.  18fretus.  19  Omit.  * 


English-Latin  Exercises  55 

not  hesitate  to  assert  (their  conviction) 1  that  there 
can  be  no  doubt2  that  through  dreams  the  gods 
often  disclose  to  men  coming  events. 

Exercise  30 

After3  Cleomenes  had  fled  with  his  ship,  the 
pirates  very  easily  put  to  flight  the  other  forces. 
But,  although  he  4  had  been  the  cause  of  the  dis- 
aster, Cleomenes  did  not  hesitate  to  put  the  blame  5 
upon  a  captain  of  his,  a  most  distinguished  6  Sicil- 
ian and  a  person  of  character  and  reputation,  fear- 
ing that  Verres  would  not  forgive  him,  if  he  should 
once  learn  the  truth.7  In  fact  8  Cleomenes  him- 
self hastened  to  Syracuse  in  Sicily,  not  wishing  that 
the  disaster  should  be  reported  to  9  Verres  by  any- 
one else. 

To  inspire  greater  confidence 10  in  his  story,11  he 
brought  with  him  the  three  most  wicked  and  un- 
truthful 12  soldiers  he  could  find,  promising  that  they 
would  be  thanked 13  in  money  as  well  as 14  in  words, 
if  by  their  testimony  Verres  should  be  persuaded 
that  his 15  forces  had  been  lost  through  the  coward- 
ice of  a  Sicilian. 


1  Omit.  2  Use  dubito.  3  postquam.  4  ipse.  5  culpam 
confero  in  (and  ace.),  "nobilis.  7  res  ipsa.  "  quin 
etiam.  •  defero  ad.  10  fidem  facio.  "  Lit.  'words.' 
12  mendax.  13  gratias  ago  (pass.).  u  Use  non  solum, 
etc.  u  Verres'. 


56  Latin  Composition 

Conscript  fathers,  I  hope  the  time  will  soon  coine 
when  officials  in  the  provinces  will  not  dare  to  do 
such  wrongs 1  even  to  allies.  As  it  is  now,  the  in- 
nocent are  prosecuted2  and  condemned  just  as 
though  law  and  right  did  not  exist.3  Let  us  not, 
however,  lose  heart.4  For  there  is  no  one  who 
does  not  see  that  daily  the  number  is  increasing  of 
those  who  love  justice  more  5  than  power,  and  in 
whose  judgment  no  reward  is  greater  than  the  praise 
of  all  good  men. 

Exercise  31 

I  must  now  speak  of  two  very  noteworthy 6 
dreams,  which  are  often  mentioned  by  Greek 
writers.  Surely  nothing  could  7  be  more  wonderful 
than  the  following  8  story.  For  it  is  related  that  a 
philosopher  once  found  the  body  of  a  dead  citizen 
on  the  shore  and  buried  it ;  and  that,  when  after- 
ward he  was  about  to  take  ship,  the  shade  of  the 
dead  man  appeared  in  his  9  sleep,10  and  seemed  to 
warn  him  that  he  would  be  lost,  if  he  sailed  at  that 
time.  The  n  philosopher  therefore  returned 12  to  his 
home,  while  the  other  people  who  sailed  then  were 
lost  in  the  sea. 


1  iniurias  infero  (and  dat.}.  2  reum  facio  (pass.). 
3  nullus  esse.  4  animo  deficio.  6  Forms  of  facio  and 
plus.  6nobilis.  7  Not  subj.  8hic.  9  Omit.  10in 
somnis.  "  Direct  disc.  12  revertor. 


English-Latin  Exercises  57 

Again,1  two  youths  once  came  to  Megara  in 
Sicily.  One  put  up2  at  the  house  of  a  friend,  and 
during  the  night  3  it  seemed  to  him  that  the  other 
(who  had  taken  quarters  with 4  an  innkeeper 5) 
stood  before  6  him,  saying  that  he  had  been  murdered 
at  the  inn.7  The  young  man  arose  much  disturbed, 
but  thinking  that  no  confidence  should  be  placed  8 
in  a  dream,  was  soon  asleep  again.  Once  more  in 
his  dream  9  he  saw  the  same  thing.  Then,  thoroughly 
frightened,  he  went  to  the  inn  and  found  10  that  his 
friend  was  indeed n  dead.  These  facts  becoming 
known, 12  the  magistrates  ordered 13  that  the  inn- 
keeper should  pay  the  penalty. 14 


Exercise  32 

But  passing  over 15  fables,  to  come  to  actual  fact,16 
when  Marcus  Regulus  was  captured  in  Africa  by 
Hamilcar,  the  Carthaginians17  sent  him  to  Rome 
on  condition  that18  he  should  himself  return  to 
Carthage,  in  case 19  the  senate  was  not  persuaded  by 
him  to  return  to  their  fatherland  certain  Cartha- 
ginian prisoners  of  distinction.  There  is  no  one 


1  atque.  2  in  hospitio  sum.  3  noctu.  4  deverto  ad. 
6  caupo.  6  adsum.  7  deversorium.  8  Gerundive 
(confido  and  adv.  ace.).  9  in  somnis.  10  reperio.  u  re 
vera.  12  cognosce.  13  iubeo.  14  poenas  do.  15  omitto. 
18  res  facta.  "  Poeni.  18  ita  .  .  .  ut.  19  si. 


58  Latin  Composition 

who  doubts  that  it  was  expedient l  for  Regulus  to 
forget  his  promise  and  to  remain  securely  2  at  home. 
But  being  a  man  of  noteworthy  honor  3  and  cour- 
age, he  had  no  such  thought.4  Indeed  he  used 
every  means  5  to  persuade  the  senators  that  the  cap- 
tives were  men  who  ought  to  be  retained,  saying 
that  it  was  to  the  state's  interest  6  to  keep  them, 
inasmuch  as  they  were  young  men  and  good  leaders, 
while  he  himself  was  now  broken  7  by  age.  And 
when  this  at  length  had  been  decreed  by  the  senate, 
he  set  out  cheerfully 8  for  Carthage,  although  he 
knew  that  a  very  cruel  enemy  and  harsh  tortures 
there  awaited 9  him.  Surely  the  renown  of  no 
one  can  be  compared  with  the  glory  of  that  dis- 
tinguished man.  For  though  we  sometimes 10  act  n 
as  though 12  we  believed  expediency 13  to  be  su- 
perior to 14  right, 13  yet  everyone  recognizes  the 
superiority 15  of  right  when  they  see  it  in  the  con- 
duct of  others. 16 


1  utilis.  2  tuto.  3  probitas  insignis.  4  Lit.  '  he 
thought  (cogito)  nothing  less.'  5  omnia  facio.  6  in- 
terest. 7  conf  ectus.  8  aequo  animo.  "maneo.  10  in- 
ter dum.  n  se  gerere.  12  ita  .  .  .  quasi.  13  utile  .  .  . 
hone  stum.  M  Lit. '  of  more  value  than.'  16  praestantia. 
14  Lit.  '  in  others'. 


PART  m 

Exercise  33 

Hearing  this,  the  soldiers  willingly  advanced  to 
an  elevated l  spot  on  the  plateau.  2  And  after  3  they 
had  stopped  there  not  more 4  than  six  hours  to 
recover  5  their  strength,  Curio  ordered  6  that  they 
should  be  led  out  of  camp  during  the  third  watch, 
so  that  the  river  might  be  crossed  with  less  danger. 
For  the  king  was  still 7  lingering  near,  fearful  of  8 
losing  some  opportunity  to  attack  the  Romans. 
However,  he  wasted  his  time  ;  9  for  who  is  shrewder 10 
than  Curio?  Before  the  enemy  were  roused  by 
the  sound  of  the  trumpet,  the  Romans  had  with- 
drawn all  of  their  forces  across  the  river,  and  it  is 
said  that  even  the  horses  were  all  taken  over  safely. 

Exercise  34 

A  certain  Greek  general,  who  had  lived  at  Sparta 
for  more  than  twenty  years,  began  to  try  to  per- 
suade the  Persians11  that  they12  ought13  to  march 

1  editus.  2  planities.  3  postquam.  4  amplius.  6  re- 
ficio  (use  cawsa-clause).  6  iubeo.  7  adhuc.  8  Lit. 'fear- 
ing that.'  9  operam  perdo.  10  callidus.  u  Persae. 
12  ipse.  13  Gerundive. 

59 


60  Latin  Composition 

into  Greece.  Learning  that  his  plans  were  discovered, 
it  is  related  that  he  set  out  in  haste  from  home, 
thinking  that  he  could  take  refuge  in  a  shrine  1  of 
Minerva,  and  that  no  one  would  dare  to  molest 2  him. 
But  his  citizens  hastened  to  the  spot,  and,  not  wish- 
ing to  lay  hands  upon  3  a  man  at  the  altar  4  they 
blocked  up5  the  doors  with  stones,  and  tore  off6 
the  roof  of  the  temple,  so  that  he  thus  might  per- 
ish more  quickly  under  the  open  7  sky.  Indeed 8 
there  are  some  who  say  that  his  mother,  a  woman 
of  remarkable  spirit,9  on  learning  of  the  crime  of 
her  son,  herself  brought  a  stone  to  wall  him  in. 10 

Exercise  35 

When  they  heard  this,  the  Gauls  withdrew  to 
their  camp  in  the  woods.  There  they  began  to 
build  n  boats,  so  that  they  might  more  easily  cross 
the  river  and  find  out  whether 12  the  Romans  had 
burned  their  crops13  in  the  valley.  But  it  is  said 
that  the  Romans  had  been  so  terrified  by  sudden  14 
attacks  that  they  were  now  retreating  rapidly  and 
could  not  be  persuaded  by  anyone  to  linger  longer 
in  that  territory.15  Yet  there  are  those  who  be- 

1  in  fanum  refugio.  2  Lit.  '  injure.'  3  manus  infero 
and  dat.  4  altaria,  -him,  N.  5  obstruo.  6  detraho. 
7  Omit.  8  quin  etiam.  9  fortitude  mirabilis.  10  claudo. 
11  instituo.  12  num.  13  frumentum  (plu.}.  14  repentinus. 
11  fines. 


English-Latin  Exercises  61 

lieve  that  they  would  have  remained,  if  Caesar  had 
not  been  so  far  away.  For  Caesar  is  a  man  of  won- 
derful influence, l  and  some  people  think  that  there 
never  was  a  better  leader  than  he.  Fortune  cer- 
tainly gave  him  an  opportunity  2  to  show  his  skill.  3 

Exercise  36 

When  Caesar  arrived  here,  he  began  to  try  to  cut 
the  enemy  off4  from  water.  The  descent  to  the 
river  was  difficult  for  the  townspeople.  Noting 
this,  Caesar  stationed  guards  wherever  he  thought 
the  enemy  would  try  to  descend.  They,  therefore, 
were  able  to  use  only  the  water  of  a  single  spring  5 
about  four  hundred  feet  from  the  river.  To  reach 
this  with  less  risk,  Caesar  dug  tunnels,  6  and  in  this 
way  drew  off  the  water.  Thinking  then  that  the 
enemy  would  be  obliged  to  surrender  in  a  few  days, 
he  felt  that  he  ought  not  to  waste  7  the  strength 
of  his  army  in  unnecessary  8  assaults.  Accordingly 
he  kept  his  men  in  camp  and  no  one  was  allowed  to 
go  outside  the  fortifications.  Learning  this,  the 
townspeople,  left  without  any  hope  of  safety, 9 
sent  ambassadors  to  Caesar  to  beg  him  to  spare 
them. 


1  auctoritas  insignis.  2  facultas.  3  sollertia.  4  pro- 
hibeo.  6  fons.  6  cuniculus.  '  detero.  8  non  neces- 
sarius.  »  Lit.  'destitute  of  all  hope  of  safety.' 


62  Latin  Composition 

Exercise  37 

It  is  said  that  there  was  once  a  very  famous1 
Greek  general  who  loved  nothing  better  than  plots  2 
and  conspiracies.  Accordingly 3  he  used  to  send 
messengers  frequently  to  a  Persian4  satrap5  at 
Sardis,  6  thinking  that  the  barbarian  would  very 
easily  be  persuaded  to  send  an  army  into  Greece. 
But  there  were  some  people  who  began  to  notice  7 
that  no  messenger  sent  to  the  satrap  ever  returned 
home,  and  no  one  could  tell  why  this  was  so.  8  Fi- 
nally the  general  chose  9  a  lad  of  unusual  intelli- 
gence10 to  carry  a  letter  to  Sardis.  Fearing  that 
the  letter  contained  something  written  about  him- 
self, the  boy  loosed  the  string  n  and  broke  the  seal. 12 
When  the  letter  was  opened,  he  discovered  13  that 
the  general  had  ordered 14  that  he  should  be  killed  by 
the  satrap,  if  he  brought  the  letter  through. 15 
This  had  been  done  that  no  news 16  might  ever  come 
back  about  the  plans  and  plots  of  the  general. 

Exercise  38 

When  Hanno's  fleet  arrived  at  Malta,17  an  island 
which  the  Greeks  had  abandoned  three  years  before, 

1  nobilis.  2  dolus.  3  Direct  discourse.  4  Persicus. 
6  Use  praetor.  6  Sardes,  -ium,  F.  7  animadverto. 
8  res  ita  se  habet.  9  deligo.  10  sollertia  insignis.  "  li- 
num  laxo.  12  signum  detraho.  13reperio.  14iubeo. 
i5  perfero.  16  novum,  -i,  N.  17  Melita. 


English-Latin  Exercises  63 

it  is  reported  that  many  of  the  soldiers  desired  to 
proceed  at  once  to  Tarentum  on  the  mainland. 1 
But  thinking  that  this  would  be  dangerous  and  that 
his  forces  should  be  spared2  as  much  as  possible, 
the  admiral  3  decided  to  wait  for  the  other  ships, 
and  he  could  not  be  moved  from  his  resolution.4 

Learning  5  this,  the  enemy  set  out  secretly  from 
Syracuse,  and  never  did  any  triremes  sail  faster 
than  those ;  and  if  some  of  their  number  had  not 
wandered 6  from  the  course,  many  people  think 
that  Hanno  would  have  been  driven  back  to  Africa. 
Yet  he  was  a  leader  of  marvellous  skill,  7  and  in  his 
fleet  were  many  men  of  valor.  Consequently  I  do 
not  believe  that  the  Carthaginians  8  had  any  occa- 
sion to  fear  that  he  could  not  defend  their  interests,9 
even  if  he  should  be  attacked  by  enemies  however 10 
strong. 

Exercise  39 

"  Fellow  citizens,"  said  Cicero,"  you  recall,11  per- 
haps, that  during  my  quaestorship 12  in  Sicily  the 
long  forgotten 13  tomb  of  Archimedes  was  discovered 
in  the  neighborhood 14  of  Syracuse  —  an  event  that 
happened  on  this  wise  :  The  people  of  Syracuse 15 

1  continens.  2parco  (gerundive).  3  praef ectus.  4  de 
sententia  depello.  6  cognosce.  •  erro.  7  prudentia 
mirabilis.  8  Poeni.  'res.  '"quamvis.  "  memini 
(with  pres.  infin.).  I2  cum-clause.  13neglectus.  u  ad. 
15  Syracusani. 


64  Latin  Composition 

declared  that  they  had  never  heard  of  the  tomb, 
and  could  scarcely  be  persuaded  that  it  would  be 
found  near  their  city.  But  I  had  come  into  pos- 
session of l  some  verses  which  it  was  said  had  been 
inscribed  long  before  on  his  monument,  and  which 
stated  that  on  top  of  the  tomb  were  placed  a  sphere  2 
and  cylinder.3  And  so,  when  I  and  a  few  of  the 
inhabitants  had  come  through  the  city  to  the  gates, 
I  looked  about  and  at  once  saw 4  the  sphere  arid 
cylinder.  Everything  was  choked  5  with  briers  ;  6 
and,  in  order  to  make  the  way  of  approach  7  easier, 
men  were  sent  in  to  cut  them  down.8  Thus  we 
came  to  the  monument,  finding  upon  it  traces  9  of 
the  verses  and  the  name  of  Archimedes.  Conse- 
quently it  seems  quite  likely 10  that  a  very  distin- 
guished n  city  would  have  wholly  12  forgotten  the 
tomb  of  its  most  illustrious  13  citizen,  had  not  the 
people  been  instructed  u  by  a  Roman  how  to  find 
it." 

Exercise  40 

When  Altorius  had  been  away  more  than  five 
years,  he  returned 15  to  Athens 16  with  the  other 
generals.  And  though  these  all  had  tried  equally17 


1  nanciscor.  2  sphaera.  3  cylindrus.  4  animadverto. 
6  oppletus.  6  dumus.  7  aditus.  8  excido.  9  vestigium. 
10  veri  simile  (superl.).  n  nobilis.  12  plane.  13  celeber. 
14  I.e.  'taught.'  18  revertor.  16  Plu.  noun.  "  aeque. 


English-Latin  Exercises  65 

to  save1  the  state,  the  citizens  ran  to  the  ship  of 
Altorius  only,2  as  though  the  victory  had  been 
won  3  by  his  valor  alone.4  For  all  were  persuaded 
that  there  never  had  been  a  greater  general  than  he, 
and  they  had  no  doubt  5  that  their 6  armies  had 
often  been  defeated  in  earlier  times  7  for  the  rea- 
son that 8  they  had  not  hesitated  to  banish 9  a 
man  of  such 10  noteworthy  valor.  And  it  seems 
that  they  did  not  think  thus  without  good  1!  rea- 
son ; 12  for  as  soon  as 13  Altorius  had  been  put  in 
charge  14  of  an  army,  the  glory  of  Athens  steadily 
increased.  On  this  occasion,  when  Altorius  had 
landed  from 15  the  ship,  he  made  a  speech  to 16  the 
people ;  and  there  was  no  one  who  did  not  believe 
that  the  Athenians  would  never  be  conquered,  if 
they  should  always  have  generals  like  him. 

Exercise  41 

After17  he  had  gained  possession18  of  the  town, 
Agesilaus  warned  the  Spartans  that  other  forces 
would  be  sent  at  once  from  Asia  into  Greece,  unless 
the  Persians19  should  be  attacked  without  delay  in 
their  own  country.  Alarmed  by  these  words,  the 

1  conserve.  2  Adv.  3  pario.  "  Masc.  B  Use  non 
dubito.  6  suus.  7  antea.  8  quod.  9  in  exsilium  pello. 
10  tarn.  u  Omit.  I2  causa.  13  simul  atque.  14praeficio. 
16  egredior  ex.  16apud.  17postquam.  18potior. 
19  Persae. 


66  Latin  Composition 

Spartans  adopted  l  the  following  2  plan  :  They  put 
Agesilaus  in  command 3  of  all  their  forces,  with 
orders4  to  sail  as  quickly  as  possible  to  Asia.  So 
the  latter,  collecting  all  the  ships  he  could  find,  sup- 
plied 5  them  with  provisions,6  and  put  on  board  7 
the  bravest  8  sailors  he  could  secure.  Before  this 
began  to  be  generally  9  known,  Agesilaus  set  sail, 
fearing  that  in  some  way  the  news  of  the  expedi- 
tion10 might  reach  Asia  before  him.  This,  of 
course,  n  was  the  best  plan  to  follow ; 12  and  he  had 
no  reason  to 13  regret 14  his  haste  afterward.  For 
on  his  arrival  he  caught15  the  Persians  unpre- 
pared, 16  and  it  is  reported  that  no  one  ever 
gained 17  an  easier  victory  than  he. 

Exercise  42 

Fellow  soldiers,18  a  Roman  general  had  long 
besieged  in  vain  a  very  large  town  on  a  lofty  hill, 
when  a  certain  one  of  the  soldiers  who  daily  left 
camp  to  get  water  noticed  that  some  goats  were 
feeding  on  the  side  of  the  mountain  farthest 19  from 
the  Romans.  Thinking  that  he,  too,  perhaps  could 

1  ineo.  2  Use  tails.  3  praeficio.  4  Not  noun.  B  in- 
struo.  •  commeatus  (sing.).  7  escendere  iubeo. 
8  Attract  into  rel.  clause.  9  vulgo.  10  fama  profec- 
tionis.  "  scilicet.  12  Lit.  '  best  thing  to  do.'  13  Use 
causa  cur.  14  paenitet.  16  opprimo.  18  incautus. 
17  reporto.  18  commilito.  19  Rel.  clause. 


English-Latin  Exercises  67 

climb  up  by  this  same  route,1  the  man  essayed  2  the 
ascent,  using  rocks  and  old  3  roots  of  trees  as  foot- 
holds.4 In  this  way  he  finally  came  to  the  top  of  the 
hill,  and  there  found  all  of  the  enemy  massed  at  a 
point  where  the  Romans  usually  made  their  assaults. 
Therefore,  without  being  seen  by  anyone,5  he  de- 
scended quickly,  and  returning  to  camp  informed 
the  general  what  he  had  discovered,  urging  him 
not  to  let  slip  6  such  an  opportunity  to  stampede  7 
the  enemy.  Hearing  this,  the  commander  se- 
lected 8  a  few  men  and  sent  them  with  trumpets  to 
scale  the  hill  from  behind,9  ordering  that  they 
should  wait  in  hiding10  until  a  signal  was  heard 
from  the  camp ;  then  each  man  was  to  sound  n  his 
trumpet.  This  arrangement  made,  the  other  forces 
began12  simultaneously  a  fierce  assault;  and  when 
the  trumpets  sounded,  it  is  said  that  the  enemy 
fled  panicstricken  in  every  direction,  thinking  that 
they  were  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  Romans. 

Exercise  43 

At  Syracuse,  a  city  that  once  was  very  famous,13 
a  certain  king  had  reigned  for  more  than  two  years. 
And  now  a  noble  Athenian,  a  man  of  intelligence, 

1  Omit.  2  tempto.  3  aridus.  4  'using  as  footholds,' 
nitor,  with  abl.  "I.e.  '  having  been  seen  by  no  one.' 
8  dimitto.  7fugo.  8  deligo.  9  Use  aversus.  10insidiae. 
11  cano,  with  abl.  13facio.  u  celeber. 


68  Latin  Composition 

who  had  come  to  Sicily  a  few  years  before,  entered 
upon1  a  plan  of  the  following2  sort  to  kill  the  ty- 
rant: He  warned  the  king  that  many  inhabitants3 
of  Sicily  were  hostile  to  him,  and  that  he  surely 
would  be  assassinated,  unless  he  should  appoint 4 
someone  to  act  as  a  spy.5  "This  role  6  I  am  willing 
myself  to  undertake," 6  said  he.  "  I  will  pre- 
tend to  be  your  enemy,  and  then  everyone  will  tell 
me  freely  what  they  are  planning  7  against  you." 

On  the  approval  of  this  plan,  the  man  armed  him- 
self without  exciting 8  the  suspicion  of  the  king, 
and  on  the  next  holiday  selected  certain  youths 
of  huge  stature,9  and  sent  them  to  the  house10 
where  the  king  had  gone  to  take  his  siesta.11  Ad- 
mitted there  because  sent  by  the  Athenian,  they 
very  easily  killed  the  king  in  his  bed.  There  are 
some  who  think,  however,  that  if  the  king  had  been 
more  popular,12  the  soldiers  who  were  on  guard 13 
would  have  rushed  in  and  saved  his  life. 

Exercise  44 

After 14  Epaminondas  had  returned 15  to  Thebes,16 
he  and  the  men  who  had  been  made  his  colleagues 17 

1  ineo.  2  is.  3  incola.  4  eligo.  6  speculor.  6  partes 
suscipio.  7  molior.  8  Omit.  9  mirabilis  magnitude 
corporis.  10  aedes.  n  meridio.  12  populo  cams.  13  in 
statione  sum.  14ubi.  15revertor.  16Thebae. 

17  collega. 


English-Latin  Exercises  69 

were  brought  to  trial l  on  the  ground  that  they  had 
retained  their  commands  without  authorization  2  of 
the  people.  Thinking  that  the  others  ought  3  to 
be  spared,  if  possible,4  Epaminondas  urged  them  to 
cast  all  the  blame  5  upon  him  only,  and  to  declare 
that  they  never  would  have  ventured  to  disregard  6 
the  laws,  if  they  had  not  been  persuaded  by  him. 
Thus,  though  no  one  defended 7  them, 8  they 
were  all  acquitted ; 9  and  there  were  some  who 
thought  that  Epaminondas  would  not  even  attempt 
to  clear 10  himself.  But  when  the  day  of  trial n 
came,  he  made  a  speech  before  the  jurors, 12  in 
which  he  declared  that  he  was  not  unwilling  to  die, 
but  that  he  begged  one  thing  8  of  them,  namely,  8 
that  they  would  inscribe  upon  his  tomb  : 13  "Epami- 
nondas  was  condemned  to  deatli 14  because  he  com- 
pelled the  Thebans 15  to  conquer  the  Spartans 1G 
and  because  he  rescued  Greece  from  servitude." 
When  this  was  heard,  a  laugh  broke  out, 17  and  no 
one  dared  to  cast  a  vote 18  in  regard  to  him.  It  is 
reported  that  the  Thebans  were  remarkably  dull ; 19 


1  in  iudicium  voco.  2  iniussu.  3  Gerundive.  *  Lit.  '  if 
it  could  be  done.'  6  culpam  conferre  (in  and  ace.). 
6  resisto.  T  Abl.  abs.  (active).  8  Omit.  9  absolve. 
10  purge.  "iudicium.  12iudices.  13  sepulchrum. 
14  capitis  damno.  15  Thebani.  16  Lacedaemonii. 

17  exorior.      18  suffragium  fero.      "Lit.  'of  remarkable 
dullness '  (stoliditas). 


70  Latin  Composition 

but  it  seems  that  on  this  occasion  they  very  easily 
appreciated  l  Epaminondas'  witty  remark.2 

Exercise  45 

During  an  illness  s  of  Dionysius  the  Elder,  4  his 
son-in-law 5  Dion  asked  the  physicians  whether 6 
they  thought  the  king  would  die.  This  Dion  did 
because  he  wished  that  Dionysius  the  Younger 7 
should  share  8  the  kingdom  with  his  own  son,  and 
hoped  that  the  king  could  be  persuaded  to  make 
this  arrangement 9  before  he  died.  These  words 
the  doctors  ventured10  to  report  to11  the  younger 
Dionysius ;  and  he,  in  fear 12  that  Dion  might  find 
some  opportunity  to  influence13  his14  father,  com- 
pelled the  doctors  to  administer  a  sleeping  potion 15 
which  caused  the  king's  death.  Then,  realizing 
that  he  was  surpassed  in  ability 16  by  Dion,  he  pro- 
vided the  latter17  with  a  ship  in  which  to  sail  to 
Corinth,  saying  that  this  was  done  for  the  sake  1S  of 
both,  in  order  that  they  might  not  (have  to)14  fear 
one  another.19  Some  months  later,  learning  that 
Dion  was  gathering  an  army  in  Greece  with  the 
idea 18  of  attacking  him,  he  gave  Dion's  wife  in 

1  intellego.  2  facete  dictum.  3  cum-clause.  4  maior. 
5  gener.  6  num.  7  minor.  8  partior.  9  ita  rem  con- 
stituo.  10audeo.  n  defero  ad.  12  Not  noun.  13im- 
pello.  14  Omit.  1B  sopor.  16  ingenium.  17  ille. 
11  causa.  19  inter  se. 


English-Latin  Exercises  71 

marriage  to  another,  and  purposely l  taught  his 
son  the  worst  vices.2  When  finally  Dion  returned 
to  his  fatherland  and  drove  out  the  tyrant,  it  is 
said  that  the  son  was  so  ruined  3  that  he  could  not 
reform,4  and  cast  himself  down  from  the  upper 5 
part  of  the  house  6  and  so  perished. 

Exercise  46 

"  But,  to  come  back  to  my  7  subject,"  8  said  An- 
tonius,  "I  am  not  as  stoical  as  9  Themistocles  was. 
For  it  is  related  that  he  actually10  chose11  to  prac- 
tice 12  the  art  of  forgetting  rather  than  that  of  mem- 
ory, on  the  ground  that  there  are  more  evils  than 
joys  in  life.  I  for  my  part13  prefer  to  remember 
everything,  though  there  are  experiences 14  which 
are  hard  to  bear  15  and  the  very 16  recollection  of 
which  causes  pain.  So  I  feel  under  obligation 17  to 
the  man  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  pioneer 18  in 
organizing 19  the  science 20  of  memory.  He  was  a 
poet;  and  the  story  runs  that  once  when  he  had  gone 
to  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  he  dined  at  the  house  of  a  21 

1  de  industria.  2  dedecus  (with  adj.  magnus).  3  de- 
pravatus.  4  vitae  modum  commute.  6  superior. 
6  aedes.  7  Omit.  8  res.  9  Lit.  '  of  such  hardness 
(duritia)  of  mind  as.'  10ultro.  "  malo.  12  exerceo. 
13  equidem.  u  Lit.  'things.'  u perpetior.  16ipse. 
17  gratiam  habeo.  Ift  princeps.  19  Lit.  '  of  organizing ' 
(constituo).  20  ars.  21  quidam. 


72  Latin  Composition 

very  rich  man.  While1  he  was  there  reciting  a 
poem2  which  he  had  written  in  honor  of3  the 
host,  4  it  was  announced  to  him  that  two  youths 
were  standing  outside  5  who  wished  to  speak  with 
the  poet.  The  latter  at  once  went  forth,  and,  finding 
no  one,6  was  about  to  return,  when  the  house  sud- 
denly collapsed.7  In  8  this  accident  the  owner  9 
and  many  of  the  guests 10  were  killed,  the  bodies  of 
all  being  so  mangled  n  that  no  one  could  tell  them 
apart,12  until  the  poet,  who  recalled  where  each 
had  reclined, 13  solved  the  difficulty 14  —  an  ex- 
perience 15  which  taught  him  that  a  science  of  mem- 
ory might  be  developed."  1G 

Exercise  47 

Gentlemen  of  the  jury,17  both  my  brother  and  I 
remember  that  an  atrocious  murder  was  once  com- 
mitted 1S  in  a  forest  in  Sicily,  and  that  the  case  of 
those  who  were  accused  of  the  crime  was  put  in  the 
hands  of 19  Gaius  Laelius,  a  man  of  distinction  and 
an  excellent  orator.  The  latter  tried  to  acquaint 
himself  with  the  facts 20  as  soon  as  possible,  making 
use  of  the  testimony  of  all  the  poorest 21  witnesses  — 

1  Direct  disc.  -  carmen  dico.  3  facio  in  and  ace. 
4  hospes.  5  ante  fores.  &  Abl.  abs.  7  concido.  8  Means. 
9  dominus.  10  conviva.  n  lacero.  12  internosco. 
ucubo.  I4omnia  expedio.  15  res.  16constituo. 
17iudices.  18fio.  19  defero  ad.  20resfactae.  21levis. 


English-Latin  Exercises  73 

an  imprudence  which  he  subsequently  regretted. 
For  though  he  spoke  eloquently1  at  the  trial,  the 
jurymen  were  by  no  means  persuaded  that  the  de- 
fendants2 were  innocent.  Laelius  now  desired 
that  the  matter  should  be  postponed  3  a  few  days, 
in  order  that  he  might  secure  stronger  evidence;  4 
and  postponement  5  was  not  refused.  But  when 
he  had  pleaded  6  the  case  a  second  time  and  with 
no  better  success,7  thinking  that  it  could  be 
handled  8  more  advantageously  by  a  very  incisive  9 
speaker,  he  advised  the  defendants  to  engage 10 
another  advocate,  adding  however  that  he  would 
not  have  taken  this  course,  if  it  had  been  possible 
for  him  in  any  way  to  win  n  the  case  himself.  So, 
having  thanked  Laelius,  the  defendants  went  to 
Servius  Galba,  and  urged  him  to  speak  in  their  be- 
half.12 Galba  hesitated  long  on  the  ground  that 
the  case  had  already  been  pleaded  by  so  able  an 
orator,  but  finally  consented,  and  at  the  trial  spoke 
with  such  force  and  impressivenes's 13  that  the  de- 
fendants were  acquitted  with  the  full  approval 14 
of  everyone. 

1  copiose.       -  reus.       3  differo.        4  indicium  maius. 

6  dilatio.       6  dico.       7  Use  feliciter.       8  tracto.  9  acer. 

10  adhibeo.  ll  obtiaeo.  12  pro.  13  auctoritas.  u  ad- 
sensus. 


74  Latin  Composition 

Exercise  48 

A  farmer  one  day  dreamed  that  he  had  found  an 
egg  of  remarkable  size  in  his  field ;  and  a  sooth- 
sayer r  gave  it  as  his  opinion  2  that  it  was  thus  in- 
dicated that  gold  and  silver  would  be  discovered 
there,  these  two  metals  being  indicated  by  the  colors 
of  the  two  parts  of  an  egg.  Strangely  enough, 3 
gold  and  silver  were  found  there,  just  as  had  been 
predicted.  There  are  some,  however,  who  think 
that  the  story  would  have  been  more  convincing,  4 
if  it  had  been  shown  also  that  the  dream  of  no  one 
else  about  an  egg  had  ever  failed  to  5  lead  to  hidden 
treasure;  6  for  surely  many  people  have  had  7  such 
a  dream. 

At  the  same  time,  we  must  admit  that  the  story 
told  of  Alexander  is  most  marvellous.  For  it  is 
related  that,  when  sitting  beside  8  a  sick  friend,  he 
dreamed  that  a  serpent  brought  him  a  tiny  branch  9 
in  its  mouth, 10  and  told  him  where  it  had  been 
plucked,  n  assuring  him  that  this  was  the  best  rem- 
edy which  had  ever  been  found  for  the  condition  12 
into  which  his  friend  had  fallen.  Then,  aroused  from 
sleep,  Alexander  sent  a  man  on  horseback  to  the 


1  coniector.  2  respondeo.  3  Lit.  '  strange  to  relate.' 
4  probabilis.  6  Use  non  simply.  6  thesaurus.  7  fa- 
cio.  8  assideo.  9  ramulus.  10  Means.  "  decerpo. 
12  Lit.  'disease.' 


English-Latin  Exercises  75 

place  indicated,  in  order  that  the  remedy  might  be 
brought  more  quickly.  Thus  the  friend  was  re- 
stored to  health.1  However,  although  we  do  not 
venture  to  say  that  this  story  is  not  true,  let  us 
not  pass  judgment  2  on  the  subject  3  of  dreams 
until  we  hear  the  rest  of  the  arguments. 


sauo.        -  iudico.         3  quaestio. 


VOCABULARY 


English  words  in  parentheses,  unless  in  heavy  face,  are 
added  to  limit  the  range  of  application  of  the  words  defined. 

Figures  in  parentheses  indicate  the  Exercise  in  which  a 
particular  rendering  is  appropriate. 


dbl.,  ablative. 
ace.,  accusative. 
adj.,  adjective. 
adv.,  adverb. 
corn-par.,  comparative, 
eon;.,  conjunction. 
dat.,  dative. 
demon.,  demonstrative. 
foil.,  following. 
gen.,  genitive. 
infin.,  infinitive. 
inter.,  interrogative. 


a,    an,    usually    untranslated; 

rarely  quidam. 
abandon,  relinquo. 
able,  egregius. 

able,  be,  possum, 
about,  adv.,  fere, 
about,  prep.,  de  and  abl. 
accept,  accipio. 
acceptable,  gratus. 
accident,  casus. 
accomplish,  efficio. 
accordingly,  quare. 
accuse,   accuso;   imputo   and 

dat.  (14). 


n.,  noun. 
neg.,  negative. 
pass.,  passive, 
per/.,  perfect. 
plu.,  plural. 
prep.,  preposition. 
reflex.,  reflexive. 
rel.,  relative. 
subj.,  subjunctive. 
superl.,  superlative. 
v.,  verb. 

accuser,  accusator. 

acquaint  self  with,  cognosco. 

acquit,  absolve. 

across,  trans. 

act,  n.,  facinus. 

act.,  v.,  facio;  se  gerere. 

action,  res. 

actual  fact,  res  facta. 

actually,  ultro. 

add,  with  foil,  neg.,  nego. 

administer,  do. 

admiral,  pracfectus. 

admit,  introduce,  intromitto; 

confiteor. 
adopt    (device)     utor;     (plan) 

ineo. 


77 


78 


Vocabulary 


adorn,  adorno. 

advance,  progredior. 

advantageous,  utilis. 

advantageously,  bene. 

adverse,  adversus. 

advice,  consilium. 

advise,  suadeo. 

advocate,  patronus. 

affairs,  res  (plu.). 

Africa,  Africa. 

after,  adv.,  post. 

after,   con/.,    postquam,    ubi, 

cum. 

afterward,  postea. 
again,  iterum;  atque  (31). 
against,  in  and  contra  with  ace. 
age,  aetas. 

Agesilaus,  Agesilaus. 
aggrieved,  be,  moleste  fero. 
ago,  abhinc. 
aid,  n.,  opera, 
aid,  v.,  adiuvo. 
alarm,  commoveo. 
Alexander,  Alexander. 
Alexandria,  Alexandrea. 
alive,  vivus. 
all,  omnis,  totus. 

all  (of),  omnes. 
allies,  socii. 
allow,  patior. 

allowed,  be,  licet. 

allow  to  slip,  dimitto. 
almost,  paene. 
alone,  solus. 
already,  iam. 
also,  quoque,  etiam. 
altar,  altaria  (plu.). 


although,  quamquam,  etsi. 
Altorius,  Altorius. 
always,  semper, 
ambassador,  legatus. 
among,  apud  and  ace.;  in  and 

abl.;  inter  and  ace. 
ancient,  vetus. 
and,    et,    -que,    ac    (atque), 

autem. 

and  he,  she,  it,  rel.  pro. 
and  never,  neque  umquam. 
and  no,  nee  (neque);  neque 

ullus. 

and  no  one,  nee  quisquam. 
and  not,  nee  (neque). 
and  nothing,  nee  quidquam. 
and   so,    quare,    quam   ob 

rem,  itaque. 
and  that  not,  neve, 
and  then,  quare  (43). 
and  yet  not,  nee  (neque). 
anger,  ira. 
announce,  muntio. 
another,  alius;  (a  second)  al- 
ter; see  one  thing    .     .     . 
another  thing, 
antiquity,  antiquitas. 
Antonius,  Antony,  Antonius. 
anxious,  be,  volo. 
any,  ullus. 

anyone  (after  si),  quis;  (in  some 
negative  connections')  quis- 
quam; ullus  (15). 
anyone  else,  quivis  alius. 
anywhere,  usquam. 
Apis,  Apis. 
Apollo,  Apollo. 


Vocabulary 


79 


appear,  appareo,   r  e  p  e  r  i  o 

(pass.) ;  prodeo. 
appearance,  species, 
appoint,  eligo. 
appreciate,  intellego. 
approach,  n.,  adventus. 
approach,  v.,  appropinquo. 
approve,  probo. 
Archimedes,  Archimedes. 
Argos,  Argi. 

argument,  argumentum. 
arise,  surgo. 
Aristotle,  Aristoteles. 
arm,  armo. 
arms,  anna, 
army,  exercitus. 
aroused  from  sleep,  be,  exper- 

giscor. 

arrangement,  res. 
arrest,  in  custodiam  trado,  in 

vincula  conicio. 
arrive,  pervenio. 
art,  ars. 
artist,  opifex. 

as,  dum,   cum,   ut.      See   so 

much   as,  and   such  as. 

as  ...  as,  tarn  .  .  .  quam. 

as     ...     as    possible, 

quam  and  superl. 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  re  vera. 
as  much  as  possible,  quam 

maxime. 
as  soon  as,  simul  ac  (atque), 

cum  primum. 
as  soon  as  possible,  quam 

primum. 
as  though,  (ita)  .  .   .  quasi. 


ascent,  ascensus. 

Asia,  Asia. 

ask,  peto,  posco,  postulo,  rogo. 

asleep,  be,  quiesco. 

assassinate,  occido. 

assault,  impetus,  pugna. 

assembly,  concilium. 

assert  (ivith  foil,  neg.),  nego. 

assist,  adiuvo. 

assure,  confirmo,  affirmo. 

astonished,  greatly,  obstupe- 

factus. 

at,  in  and   abl.;   (motion)    in 
and  ace. 

at  first,  primo. 

at  house  of,  apud  and  ace. 

at  length,  postremo. 

at  once,  statim,  continue. 

at  Tarentum,  Tarentinus. 

at  that  time,  turn,  quo  qui- 
dem  tempore. 

at  the  same  time,  tamen. 
Athenian,  Atheniensis. 

Athenians,  the,  Athenienses. 
Athens,  Athenae. 
atrocious,  atrox. 
attack,  n.,  impetus, 
attack,  v.,  adorior,  oppugno. 
attempt,  conor. 
avenge,  ulciscor. 
avoid,  vito. 
away,  be,  absum. 

B 

bad,  malus. 
Balbus,  Balbus. 
banish,  in  exsilium  pcllo. 


80 


Vocabulary 


barbarian,  barbarus. 

battle,    proelium;    gerund    of 

pugno. 
be,  sum. 

be  custom,  soleo. 

be  far  from,  longe  absum. 

be  now,  (res)  se  habere. 
beautiful,  pulcher. 
beauty,  pulchritude,  venustas, 

forma. 

because,  quod, 
because  of,  propter. 
become,  fio. 

become  angry,  ira  incendo 
(pass.). 

become    known,    cognosce 

(pass.). 
bed,  lectus. 
befall,  accido. 
before,  adv.,  ante. 
before,  conj.,  priusquam. 
before,  prep.,  ante,  apud  and 

ace. 

beg,  oro,  posco. 
begin     (per/,    tenses),    coepi; 

(attack),  facio. 
believe,  credo,  puto,  reor. 
belonging  to  another,  alienus. 
beneficence,  beneficentia. 
besiege,  obsideo. 
betake  self,  se  conferre. 
betray,  prodo. 
beyond  the  Rhine,  Transrhe- 

nanus. 
bind,  alligo. 
blame,  culpa 
blood,  sanguis. 


board,  conscendo. 
boat,  navis. 
body,  corpus, 
bold,  audax. 
boldly,  audacter. 
both,  uterque. 
boy,  puer. 
brave,  fortis. 
break  (camp),  moveo. 
breastwork,  munitio. 
bridge,  pons. 

bring,  adduco,  adfero,  defero, 
fero. 

bring  out,  promo, 
brother,  frater. 
Brundisium,  Brundisium. 
bull,  taurus. 
burn,  incendo. 
bury,  sepelio. 
but,  sed,  autem,  at,  tamen. 

but  if,  sin  autem. 
by,  a  (ab)  and  abl. 

by  this  means,  sic. 


Caesar,  Caesar. 
calamity,  incommodum. 
call,  appello;  advoco,  convoco. 
camp,  castra. 
can,  possum. 

captain,  legatus,  praefectus. 
captive,  captivus. 
capture,  capio. 
care,  volo. 
carry,  fero,  porto. 
carry  away,  aufero;  (to),  de- 
fero. 


Vocabulary 


81 


carry  out,  perficio. 
Carthage,  Carthago. 
Carthaginian,  Poenus. 

Carthaginians,  the,  Poeni. 
case,  causa, 
cast  down,  deicio. 
Catiline,  Catilina. 
cause,  causa. 
cause  (pain),  adfero. 

cause  death  of,  neco. 
cavalry,  equites. 
centre  of,  medius. 
certain,  a  certain,  a   certain 

one,  quidam. 
certainly,  profecto. 
chain,  vinculum. 
chance,  occasio. 
charm,  venustas. 
children,  liberi. 
choose,  deligo,  malo. 
Cicero,  Cicero, 
circumstance,  res. 
citizen,  civis. 
city,  urbs. 
clearly,  plane. 
Cleomenes,  Cleomenes. 
climb  out,  climb  up,  escendo. 
Clodius,  Clodius. 
coast,  lit  us. 

cold,  very,  adj.,  perfrigidus. 
cold,  n.,  frigus. 
collect,  colligo. 
color,  color. 

come,    venio,    pervenio;    (to) 
adeo;  (time),  sum. 

come  back,  redeo;  pass,  of 
refero  (37). 


coming  events,  futura. 
command,  n.,  imperium. 
command,   v.,    impero;   duco 

(24). 
commander,  imperator,  prae- 

fectus. 

commonly,  vulgo. 
compare,  comparo. 
compel,  cogo. 
complain,  queror. 
concerns,  it,  interest. 
condemn,  condemno. 
condemn  to  death,  capitis 

damno. 

conduct  (war),  gero. 
conquer,  vinco. 
conscript  fathers,  patres  con- 

scripti. 

consent,  concedo. 
consequently,   itaque,    igitur, 

quare. 

conspiracy,  coniuratio. 
consul,  consul. 
contain,  habeo. 
convey,  fero. 
copy,  imitor. 
Corcyra,  Corcyra. 
Corinth,  Corinthus. 
could,  possum;  potential  subj. 
council,  concilium, 
country,     regio,     fines;     rus; 

(their)  patria. 
countryman,  civis. 
courage,  virtus, 
course,  cursus;  see  take  this 

course, 
cowardice,  ignavia. 


82 


Vocabulary 


Crassus,  Crassus. 
Crete,  Greta. 
crime,  facinus,  scelus. 
cross,  transeo. 
cruel,  crudelis. 
cry,  inquam. 

cry  out,  clamo. 
cup,  poculum. 
Curio,  Curio, 
custom,  mos. 


daily,  cotidie;  in  dies, 
danger,  periculum. 
dangerous,  periculosus,   infe- 

stus. 

dare,  audeo. 
day,  dies;  see  one  day. 
dead,  mortuus. 

dead,  be,  interficio  (pass.). 

dead  man,  mortuus. 
deceive,  fallo. 
decide,  constituo,  decerno. 

decided,  constitutus. 
declare,  with  foil,  neg.,  nego. 
decree,  decerno. 
dedicate,  dedico. 
deed,  facinus. 
defeat,  vinco,  devinco. 
defend,  defendo. 
defendant,  reus. 
defense,  causa,  defensio. 
delay,  n.,  mora. 
delay,  v.,  moror. 
demand,  posco,  postulo. 
deposit,  colloco. 
deprive,  spolio. 


descendj  descendo. 

descent,  descensus. 

desert,  desero. 

desire,  volo. 

despoil,  spolio. 

destitute,  destitutus. 

detain,  retineo. 

device,  consilium. 

devise  (plan),  ineo. 

die,  morior;  see  dead. 

differ,  differo. 

difficult,  difficilis. 

dig  (tunnel),  facio. 

dine,  ceno. 

Diomedes,  Diomedes. 

Dion,  Dion. 

Dionysius,  Dionysius. 

direct,  iubeo. 

disaster,  detrimentum. 

disclose,  aperio. 

discover,      invenio,     reperio, 

eruo,    patefacio,    sentio, 

video. 

disease,  morbus. 
disgrace,  dedecus. 
display,  ostendo. 
distant,  be,  absum. 
distinction,  nobilitas. 
distinguished,     nobilis,     illu- 

stris. 

disturb,  commoveo. 
do,  facio. 

do  not,  noli,  nolite. 
doctor,  medicus. 
document,  liber. 
done,  be,  fio. 
door,  fores. 


Vocabulary. 


83 


doubt,  n.,  dubium. 

doubt,    there    be,    dubito 

(pass.). 

doubt,  v.,  dubito. 
drain,  haurio. 
draw  near,  propius  accedo. 

draw  off,  averto. 
dream,  n.,  somnium. 
dream,  v.,  somnio. 
drive  (out),  eicio,  expello. 

drive  back,  reicio,  pello. 

drive  off,  depello. 

drive  out,  expello. 

£ 

each,  quisque. 
earth,  terra, 
easily,  facile, 
easy,  facilis. 
egg,  ovum. 
Egypt,  Aegyptus. 

Egyptians,  the,  Aegyptii. 
eighty,  octoginta. 
elect,  deligo. 
else,    alter   (48);   see  anyone 

else. 

elude,  fallo. 

embrace  (opportunity),  utor. 
encounter,  proelium. 
encourage,  cohortor. 
end,  finis, 
enemy,  hostis. 
engage,  adhilxx). 
enjoy,  utor. 

enter  upon  (plan),  ineo. 
Epaminondas,  Epaminondas. 
equestrian,  equester. 


escape,  effugio,  evado. 
escort,  comitor,  deduco. 
essay,  tempto. 
even,  etiam,  vero;  after  neg., 

ne     .     .     .     quidem;  see 

never  even, 
event,  res. 

ever,  umquam;  semper, 
every,  omnis. 
everyone,  omnes. 
everything,  omnia. 
evidence,  indicium, 
evil,  detrimentum,  malum. 
excellent,  egregius;  superl.  of 

bonus. 

execute,  morte  afficio. 
exercise,  se  exercere. 
exile,  exsul;  exsilium. 
expediency,  utile. 
expedient,  utilis. 
expel,  expello. 
exploit,  res. 
exposed,  nudus. 
eye,  oculus. 


Fabius,  Fabius. 

fable,  fabula. 

fact,    res;    often    included    in 

neut.  pro.  or  adj. 
fair,  pulcher. 
faithful,  fidelis. 
fall  (into),  incido. 
famous,  nobilis,  cole  her. 
far,  longo. 
farmer,  agricola. 
fast,  coleriter;  artc  (Ki). 


84 


Vocabulary 


father,  pater, 
fatherland,  patria. 
fear,  metuo,  timeo,  vereor. 
feed,  pascor. 
feel,  censeo. 

feel  under  obligation,  gra- 

tiam  habeo. 
fellow  citizens,  Quirites. 

fellow  soldier,  commilito. 
few,  a  few,  pauci. 
Fides,  Fides, 
field,  ager. 
fierce,  acer. 
fifty,  quinquaginta. 
fill,  compleo. 
finally,  postremo. 
find,     invenio,     reperio;    co- 
gnosce, sentio. 

find  out,  reperio. 
finger,  digitus. 
finish,  perficio. 
first,     primus;     (of    month), 

Kalendae. 
five,  quinque. 
flee,  fugio,  refugio. 
fleet,  classis. 
flight,  fuga. 
flock,  pecus. 
follow,  sequor. 
following,  the,  is,  hie. 
foot,  pes. 

for,  conj.,  narn,  enim. 
for,  prep.,  pro.  and  abl. 

for  the  reason  that,  quod. 

for  the  sake  of,  causa. 
force,  vis. 

forces,  copiae. 


forest,  silva. 

forget,  obliviscor. 

forgetting,  oblivio. 

forgive,  ignosco. 

fortification,  munitio. 

fortune,  fortuna. 

forum,  forum. 

four  hundred,  quadringenti. 

free,  libero. 

freely,  libere. 

frequently,  saepe. 

friend,    amicus;     see      their 

friends. 

frighten,  commoveo,  terreo. 
from,  e  (ex),  a  <ab),  de  and 

abl.;  with  verbal  in  -ing, 

quominus. 
full,  summus;  (speed),  superl. 

of  magnus. 
fully,  plane, 
furthermore,  quid  (29). 


gain,      adipiscor,      assequor; 
(victory)  pario,  reporto. 

gain  possession  of,  potior. 
Gaius,  Gaius;  abbreviated  C. 
Galba,  Galba. 
Gallic,  Gallicus. 
garden,  hortus. 
garments,  vestis. 
gate,  porta. 

gather,  colligo,  cogo;  convenio. 
Gaul,  Gallia. 

Gauls,  the,  Galli. 
general,  imperator,  dux. 
Germans,  Germani. 


85 


get  possession  of,  potior. 

get  water,  aquor. 
gift,  munus,  donum. 
girl,  puella,  virgo. 
give,   do,     praebeo;     (honor), 
habeo. 

give  in  marriage,  in  matri- 
monium  do. 

give  orders,  iubeo,  impero. 

give  up,  trado. 
gladly,  libenter. 
glory,  gloria. 

go,  eo,  abeo,  proficiscor,  se 
conferre,  venio;  (outside), 
prodeo. 

go  forth,  exeo. 
goat,  caper, 
god,  deus. 
gold,  adj.,  aureus. 
gold,  n.,  aurum. 
golden,  aureus. 
good,  bonus. 
governor,  praetor, 
great,  magnus;  (beauty,  etc.), 
insignis;  (weight),  grandis. 

greatest,  summus. 
Greece,  Graecia. 
Greek,  Graecus. 

Greeks,  the,  Graeci. 
guard,  custodio. 
guards,  custodiae. 

H 

had  not,  nisi. 

Hamilcar.  Hamilcar. 

hand,  manus. 

handsome,  pulcher,  formosus. 


Hanno,  Hanno. 

happen,  accido,  fio,  sum. 

harass,  lacesso. 

harbor,  portus. 

hard,  durus. 

harsh,  asper. 

haste,  celeritas. 

hasten,  propero. 

hastily,  celeriter. 

hatred,  odium. 

have,  habeo. 

he,   is,   ille,   ipse;  reflex,  sui. 

Mostly    untranslated;    at 

beginning  of  sentence,  the 

rel.  often  may  be  used. 
hear,  audio. 

hearty  (thanks),  magnus. 
heir,  heres. 
Helen,  Helena, 
help,    adiuvo,    auxilio    sum, 

,auxilio    venio,     auxilium 

fero. 

Hercules,  Hercules, 
here,  ubi  (12). 

here,  be,  adsum. 
herself,  ipsa;  reflex.,  sui. 
hesitate,  dubito,  cunctor. 
hesitation,  cunctatio. 
hidden,  reconditus. 
high  (price),  magnus. 
highest,  summus. 
high  priest,  pontifex  maxi- 

mus. 

hill,  collis. 

himself,  ipse;  reflex.,  sui. 
his,   eius;  reflex.,  suus;    often 

untranslated. 


86 


Vocabulary 


his  men,  reflex.,  sui. 

his  own,  ipsius;  reflex.,  suus 
in  emphatic  position;  suus 
ipsius  (45). 

his  property,  reflex.,  sua. 
hold,  censeo. 
holiday,  dies  festus. 
home,  domus,  domicilium. 
honor,  n.,  honor. 
honor,  v.,  honorem  tribuo. 
hope,  n.,  spes. 
hope,  v.,  spero. 
horse,  equus. 
horseman,  eques. 
Hortensius,  Hortensius. 
hostile,  inimicus. 
house,  aedes,  domus. 
how,  (degree)  quam;  (manner) 
quo  modo. 

how  great,  quantus. 

how  many,  quot. 
however,  sed,  autem,  tamen; 
ac  (47). 

however  if,  sin  autem. 
human,  humanus. 

human  being,  homo, 
hurry,  propero. 


I,  ego;  often  untranslated. 
idea,  causa  in  purpose  clause. 
if,  si.    See  but  if  and  however 

if. 

if  not,  nisi, 
ill,  aeger. 
illness,  morbus. 
illustrious,  clarus. 


image,  imago, 
immortal,  immortalis. 
impossible,  be,  fieri  non  posse, 
imprison,  in  vincula  conicio. 
Imprisoned,  be,  in  vinculis 

habeo  (pass.). 
imprudence,  temeritas. 
in,   in  and  abl.;  (motion),  in 

and  ace. 

in  a  body,  uni versus. 
in  a  short  time,  brevi. 
in  behalf  of,  pro  and  abl. 
in  case,  si. 
in   every  direction,   omnes 

in  partes. 

in  fact,  quin  etiam,  re  vera. 
in  haste,  celeriter. 
in  no  wise,  in  neg.  clause, 

quid  (1). 
hi  order  that,  with  following 

comparative,  quo. 
in  order  that  not,  ne. 
in  order  to,  ut;  with  follow- 
ing comparative,  quo. 
in  place  of,  pro  and  abl. 
in  regard  to,  de  and  abl. 
in  the  city,  urbanus. 
in  the  distance,  procul. 
in  this  manner,  in  this  way, 

ita,  sic. 

in  vain,  frustra. 
inasmuch  as,  cum,  quod, 
incisive,  acer. 
increase,  cresco. 
indeed,  quin  etiam,  re  vera. 
indicate,    monstro,    significo, 
patefacio. 


Vocabulary 


87 


induce,  persuadeo. 
infer,  iudico. 
inflict,  infero. 
inform,  certiorem  facio. 
inhabitant,  incola. 
inheritance,  hereditas. 
injure,  noceo. 
injury,  iniuria. 
inn,  deversorium. 
innkeeper,  caupo. 
innocent,  insons,  innocens. 
inscribe,  inscribe, 
interests,  res  (plu.). 
into,  in  and  ace. 

into  it,  (beginning  sentence), 
quo  (12). 

into  which,  quo. 
invite,  arcesso. 
island,  insula. 
issue  order,  impero. 
it,  its;  see  he  and  his. 
Italian,  Italicus. 
Italy,  Italia, 
itself,  ipsum;  reflex.,  sui. 


jar,  amphora. 

join,  se  coniungere  cum  and 

abl. 

journey,  iter  facio. 
joy,  gaudium. 
judge,  existimo. 
judgment,  iudicum. 
Juno,  luno. 
Jupiter,  lupiter. 
juror,  juryman,  iudcx. 
just,  adj.,  aequus. 


just  as,  ut,  perinde  ut. 
just    as     though,     perinde 

quasi, 
justice,  iustitia. 


keep,  retineo,  habeo,  contineo. 
kill,  interficio,  occido. 

kill  off,  interficio. 
king,  rex. 
kingdom,  regnum. 
know,  scio;  cognosce  (41). 

known,  notus. 


lad,  adulescens. 

Laelius,  Laelius. 

land,  egredior  ex  and  abl. 

lands,  fines. 

large,  magnus. 

Larissa,  Larissa. 

last,  proximus. 

lately,  nuper. 

later,  post. 

latter,  the,  ille;  beginning 
sentence,  sometimes  qui. 

laugh,  risus. 

law,  lex. 

lead,  duco;  (to)  adduce, 
lead  out,  educo. 

leader,  dux;  princeps. 

learn,     cognosce,      intellego, 

reperio. 
learn  of,  cognosce. 

leave,  relinquo,  desero;  abco, 
discedo,  proficiscor,  egre- 
dior (ex  and  abl.). 


88 


Vocabulary 


legion,  legio. 
let  slip,  dimitto. 
letter,  litterae. 
lieutenant,  legatus. 
life,  vita, 
like,  similis. 
likely,  veri  similis. 
likeness,  simulacrum,  simili- 
tude. 

linger,  moror,  maneo. 
little,  adj.,  parvus. 
little,  adv.,  parum. 

little  later,  a,  paulo  post, 
live,  vivo,  sum. 

live   by  plundering,   latro- 

cinor. 

lofty,  editus. 
long,  adj.,  diutinus. 
long,  adv.,  diu. 

long  before,  multo  ante. 
look  about,  circumspicio. 
lose,  amitto,  dimitto. 

lost,  be,  pereo. 
loss,  damnum. 
love  more,  pluris  facio. 
Lydia,  Lydia. 

M 

Macedonia,  Macedonia, 
magistrate,  magistratus. 
maiden,  puella. 
make  (arrangement),  constituo. 

make  known,  expono. 

make     speech,     orationem 
habeo. 

make  use  of,  utor. 

make  way  (to),  se  conferre. 


Malta,  Melita. 

man,  homo,  vir;  is;  sometimes 

untranslated. 
man,    the,    ille;    beginning 

sentence,  sometimes  qui. 
many,    many    a,    many    of, 

multi. 
many    more,    multo    fre-. 

quentiores. 
march,  iter  facio. 

march  forth,  proficiscor. 
Marcus,   Marcus,   abbreviated 

M. 

marriage,  matrimonium. 
marvellous,  mirabilis,  miran- 

dus. 

Masinissa,  Masinissa. 
mass,  cogo. 
master,  dominus. 
matter,    res;     sometimes    in- 
cluded  in   neut.    pro.    or 

adj. 
means,   modus;   see   by   this 

means, 
meet,  convenio,  offendo;  con- 

gredior  cum  and  abl.  (18). 
Megara,  Megara  (Jem.  sing. 

and  rneut.  plu.). 
memory,  memoria. 
Mens,  Mens. 
mention,  commemoro. 
mercy,  humanitas. 
mere,  ipse. 
merely,  tantum. 
messenger,  nuntius. 
metal,  metallum. 
might,  possum. 


Vocabulary 


89 


mind,  animus. 
Minerva,  Minerva, 
money,  pecunia. 
month,  mensis. 
monument,  monumentum. 
more,    magis;    amplius;    see 

love  more, 
moreover,  porro. 
most,  maxime. 
mother,  mater, 
mountain,  mons. 
mouth,  os. 
move,  incendo  (12). 
much,   adj..  magnus,  multus, 

amplus. 
much,  adv.,  vehementer;  with 

interest,     maxime ;      see 

more  and  most, 
murder,  n.,  caedes. 
murder,  v.,  neco. 
Muses,  Musae. 
must,  gerundive. 
my,  meus;  often  untranslated. 
myself,  oblique  cases  of  ego; 

intensive,  ipse. 

N 

name,  nomen. 
nation,  gens, 
near,  prope,  haud  procul;  see 

draw  near, 
nearest,  proximus. 
nearly,  paene. 
negligence,  neglegentia. 
neighboring,  finitimus. 
never,    numquam;     see    and 

never. 


never  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem 

umquam  (26). 
nevertheless,  tamen. 
new,  novus. 

news,  novum. 
next,  proximus. 
night,  nox;  see  one  night, 
no,  adj.  nullus. 

no  one,  nemo;  see  and  no 

one  and  that  no  one. 
no,  adv.  ace.,  nihil. 
noble,  notus. 
none,  nemo. 

not,   non;   (hortatory)   ne;  see 
had  not. 

not  at  all,  nullo  modo. 

not  care,  nolo. 

not  even,  ne  .  .   .   quidem. 

not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  non 
solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam. 

not  to,  ne. 

not  true,  falsus. 

not  wish,  nolo. 

not  yet,  nondum. 
note,  animadverto. 
noted,  nobilis. 

noteworthy,  insignis,  nobilis. 
nothing,  nihil;  see  and  nothing, 
notice,  animadverto. 
now,  nunc,  iam. 
number,  numerus. 
numerous,  multi. 


obey,  pareo. 
obligation;     see 
obligation. 


feel     under 


90 


Vocabulary 


oblige,  cogo. 

occasion,  occasio,  tern pus; 
causa;  see  on  this  occa- 
sion. 

odium,  odium, 
of,  e  (ex);  (  =  'from')  a  (ab); 

( =  'concerning ')  de  and  abl. 

of  age,  use  natus. 

of  Athens,  Atheniensis. 

of  August,  Sextilis. 

of  character,  probus. 

ol  courage,  fortis. 

of  course,  scilicet. 

of  discretion,  prudens. 

of   distinction,    clarus,   no- 
bilis. 

of  fortitude,  fortis. 

of  his,  reflex.,  suus. 

of  influence,  potens. 

of  integrity,  fidelis. 

of  intelligence,  prudens. 

of  justice,  aequus. 

of  mine,  meus. 

of  note,  nobilis. 

of  piety,  sanctus. 

of  reputation,  nobilis,  clarus. 

of  Sicily,  Siciliensis. 

of  standing,  nobilis. 

of  the  king's,  regius. 

of  the  sort,  eius  modi. 

of  valor,  fortis. 

of  wealth,  dives,  locuples. 
office,  honor, 
officer,    praepositus,    legatus; 

magistratus. 
often,  saepe. 
olive,  oliva. 


on,  in  and  abl.;  (motion),  in 
and  ace. ;  ( = '  concerning ' ) 
de  and  abl. 

on  all  sides,  undique. 

on  condition  that,  si. 

on  every  hand,  undique. 

on  horseback,  equo  vectus. 

on  one  occasion,  olim. 

on  the  ground  that,  quod. 

on  the  other  hand,  autem. 

on  the  other  side  of,  trans. 

on  this  occasion,  turn. 

on  this  wise,  ita. 
once,  olim,  quondam;  semel. 

once  more,  rursus. 
one,  unus,  quidam;  (of  two), 
alter;     sometimes     trans- 
lated by  indefinite  second 
singular. 

one  day.  olim. 

one  night,  noctu. 

one      thing   .   .   .   another 
thing,  aliud   .   .   .   aliud. 
only,  adj.,  solus, 
only,  adv.,  solum,  tantum. 
open  (letter),  solvo 
openly,  palam. 
opinion,  sententia. 
opportunity,  facultas,  occasio, 

opportunitas. 
oppress,  opprimo. 
or,  aut. 

or  not,  necne. 
orator,  orator, 
order,  n.,  imperium. 
order,  v.,  iubeo,  impero. 
other,  alius. 


Vocabulary 


91 


other,  the,  ceteri;  (of  two) 

alter. 

others,  alii, 
others,  the,  ceteri. 
ought,  gerundive;  oportet. 
our,  noster. 
our  men,  nostri. 
our  own,  noster  in  emphatic 

position. 

ourselves,  oblique  cases  ofnos. 
out  of,  e  (ex)  and  abl. 
outside,  extra  and  ace. 
own,    gen.    of  ipse.     See   his 
own,  etc. 


pain,  molestia,  dolor. 

paint,  pingo. 

painter,  pictor. 

palm,  palma. 

panicstricken,  perterritus. 

part,  pars. 

pass  (by),  praetereo;  (through) 

iter  facio. 
peace,  quies. 
people,    populus;       homines; 

often       untranslated;    (of 

town)  oppidani. 
people  of  Syracuse,  Syracu- 

sani. 

perceive,  sentio. 
perhaps,  fortasse. 
perish,  pereo. 
Persian,  Persicus. 

Persians,  the,  Persae. 
person,  homo,  vir. 
persuade,  persuadeo. 


Pharsalus,  Pharsalus. 

Philo,  Philo. 

philosopher,  philosophus. 

physician,  medicus. 

picture,  tabula,  pictura. 

pirate,  pirata. 

place,  n.,  locus. 

place,  v.,  loco,  pono. 

plan,  n.,  consilium. 

plan,  v.,  const  it  uo. 

plant,  sero. 

plead  (case),  dico. 

pleasure,  voluptas. 

plot,  consilium,  dolus. 

poet,  poeta. 

point,  locus. 

point  out,  dico. 

Pompey,  Pompeius. 

Pontus,  Pontus. 

poor,  pauper;  miser. 

port,  portus. 

position,  locus. 

possess,  habeo,  possideo. 

possessions,  res  (plu.),  bona. 

possible,  quam  with  superl.  of 

adj.  (16). 

possible  for,  be,  use  possum, 
posterity,  posteritas. 
power,  auctoritas,  potestas. 
praetor,  praetor, 
praise,  laus. 
predict,  praedico. 
prefer,  malo. 
presently,  brevi. 
preserve,  conservo. 
pretend,  simulo. 
prevail,  supero. 


92 


Vocabulary 


prevent,  prohibeo. 
previous,  superior, 
previously,  antea,  prius. 
price,  omitted  in  translation. 
priest,  pontifex,  sacerdos. 
prison;  sec  send  to  prison 
prisoner,  captivus. 
proceed,  proveho  (pass.),  pro- 

ficiscor. 

proceeding,  res. 
produce,  efficio. 
promise,  «.,  promissum. 
promise,  v.,  polliceor. 
property,  res  (sing,  and  plu.). 
prosperous,  felix. 
protection,  praesidium. 
provide,  praebeo. 
province,  provincia. 
Ptolemy,  Ptolemaeus. 
public,  publicus. 
Publius,    Publius,   abbreviated 

P. 
purpose,    causa    in    purpose 

clause. 
put    in    charge    (command), 

praeficio. 
put  in  hands  of,  defero  ad 

and  ace. 

put  to  death,  interficio. 
put  to  flight,  fugo. 
Pyro,  Pyro. 


quaestor,  quaestor, 
queen,  regina. 
quickly,  celeriter. 
quietly,  clam. 


Quintus,     Quintus,     abbrevi- 
ated Q. 
quite,  plane. 


rain,  imber. 

rapidly,  celeriter. 

rare,  singularis. 

ratify,  ratum  habeo. 

reach,    pervenio    ad    and   in 
with  ace. 

read,  lego. 

readily,  facile. 

ready,  paratus. 
ready  be,  volo. 

real,  verus. 

realize,  sentio,  intellego. 

really,  vere. 

reason,    causa;    see    for    the 
reason  that. 

recall,  memini,  recorder;  re- 
voco. 

receive,  accipio. 

recklessness,  audacia. 

recognize,  agnosco. 

recollection,  recordatio. 

record,  commemoro,  expono. 

recover,  recipio. 

refuse,  nolo,  recuso. 

regard,  habeo. 

regarding,  de  and  abl. 

regret,  paenitet. 

Regulus,  Regulus. 

reign,  regno. 

relate,  dico,  narro,  trado,  fero. 

remain,    moror,    maneo,    re- 
in aneo. 


Vocabulary 


93 


remarkable,    mirabilis,    nota- 

bilis. 

remedy,  remedium. 
remember,  memini. 
remove,  removeo. 
render  thanks,  gratias  ago. 
renown,  laus. 
reply,  inquam. 

report,  dico,  trado;  defero  (ad). 
rescue,  libero. 
resist,  resisto. 
rest  of,  the,  reliquus. 
restore,  restituo,  reficio. 
retain,  retineo. 
retreat,  se  recipere. 
return,  re  vert  or,  redeo;  reddo, 

remitto. 

reverse,  detrimentum. 
reward,  praemium. 
rich,  locuples,  dives, 
right,  adj.,  aequus. 
right,  n.,  ius,  honestum. 
ring,  anulus. 
river,  flumen. 
road,  iter,  via. 
rob,  spolio. 
rock,  saxum. 
Roman,  adj.  and  n.,  Romanus. 

Romans,  the,  Romani. 
Rome,  Roma, 
roof,  tectum. 
root,  radix, 
rouse,  excito. 
route,  via. 
rule,  rego;  regno. 
rumored,  be,  dico  (pass.). 
run  (to),  advolo;  see  story  runs. 


run  forward,  procurro. 
run  up,  accurro. 
rush  in,  inrumpo. 


sacrifice,  immolo. 

sadly,  maestus. 

safe,  incolumis,  tutus. 

safely,  use  incolumis. 

safety,  salus. 

sail,  n.,  velum. 

sail,  v.,  navigo,  navem  solvo, 

navem    conscendo,    veho 

(pass.);  see  set  sail, 
sailor,  nauta. 

sake,  causa  in  purpose  clause. 
same,  the,  idem. 
Sardis,  Sardes  (plu.). 
satisfy,  satisfacio. 
satrap,  satrapes,  praetor, 
save,  conservo. 
say,  dico,  trado,  inquam. 
scale,  ascendo. 
scarcely,  vix. 
scatter,  dispergo. 
science,  ars. 
scout,  explorator. 
sea,  mare, 
second,  a,  alter. 

second  time,  a,  iterum. 
secretly,  clam, 
secure,  reperio,  invcnio. 
securely,  tuto. 
see,     video,     sentio,     cerno, 

intellego,      animadverto; 

convenio. 
seek,  quacro. 


94 


Vocabulary 


seem,  videor. 

seize,  arripio. 

select,  deligo. 

sell,  vendo. 

senate,  senatus. 

senate-house,  curia. 

senator,  senator. 

send,  mitto,  dimitto  (27). 

send  in,  immitto. 

send  to  prison,  in  custodiam 

trado. 

serpent,  serpens. 
servitude,  servitus. 
Servius,    Servius,    abbreviated 

Ser. 

sesterce,  sestertius. 
set  forth,  expono. 

set  out,  proficiscor. 

set  sail,  navem  solvo. 

set  the  sails,  vela  facio. 
several,  complures. 
shade,  umbra, 
ship,  navis. 
shore,  litus. 
shortly,  brevi. 

shortly    afterward,     paulo 

post. 
should,  debeo;  often  translated 

by  gerundive  or  infin. 
show,       doceo,      demonstro, 

ostendo. 

shrine,  delubrum. 
Sicilian,  adj.,  Siculus. 
Sicilian,  n.,  homo  Siculus. 

Sicilians,  the,  Siculi. 
Sicily,  Sicilia. 
sick,  aeger. 


side,  pars. 

signal,  signum. 

silver,  argentum. 

similar,  similis. 

simply,  tantum. 

simultaneously,  simul. 

single,  a,  unus. 

sister,  soror. 

sit,  sedeo. 

situated,  situs. 

six,  sex. 

sixty,  sexaginta. 

size,  magnitude. 

skill,  sollertia,  prudentia. 

sky,  caelum. 

slave,  servus. 

small,  parvus. 

snow,  nix. 

so,  adv.,  ita,  sic;  (degree)  tarn, 
so    much     ...   as,     tarn 
.  .  .  quam. 

so,  conj.,  itaque,  igitur,  quare. 
so  that,  with  following  corn- 
par.,  quo. 
so  that  no  one,  ne  quis. 

Socrates,  Socrates. 

soldier,  miles. 

some,  quidam,  aliquot;  after 
si,  ne,  etc.,  shorter  form  of 
aliquis;  usually  omitted  in 
such  phrases  as  'there  are 
some  who.' 

some  .  .  .  others,  alii  ... 
alii. 

someone,  after  si,  ne,  etc.,  quis. 

something,  aliquid;  after  si,  ne, 
etc.,  quid. 


Vocabulary 


95 


sometimes,  nnn  numquam. 

son,  fill  us. 

soon,  brevi,  mox. 

sorry,  be,  paenitet. 

sort,  modus:  see  this  sort  of. 

sound,  n.,  sonus. 

sound,  v.,  cano. 

sow,  sero. 

spare,  parco,  conserve. 

Sparta,  Sparta. 

Spartans,     the,      Lacedae- 

monii. 
speak,  dico,  loquor,  colloquor, 

inquam,  dissero. 
speaker,  orator. 
speech,     oratio;     see     make 

speech. 

speed,  celeritas. 
splendid,    praeclarus,    superl. 

of  bonus, 
spoil,  spolio. 
spot,  locus, 
spring,  fons. 
stand,  sto. 

stand  before,  adsum. 
start,  proficiscor. 
state,  n.,  civitas. 
state,  v.,  confirmo. 
station,  colloco. 
statue,  statua. 
steadily,  semper,  usque, 
steal,  :u if oro. 
stealthily,  clam, 
still,  iam. 
stir,  incendo. 
stone,  saxum. 
stop,  moror. 


story,  fabula,  fama,  res. 

story  runs,  the,   memoriae 

traditum  est. 
strange,  mirabilis. 
strength,  vires, 
strip,  nudo. 
strong,  validus. 
study,  studium. 
subdue,  vinco. 
subject,  res. 
subsequently,  postea. 
such,  adj.,  talis,  tantus. 

such  a,  talis. 

such  ...  as,  tantus   .    .    . 

quantus. 
such,  adv.,  tarn, 
suddenly,  subito. 
suffer   (loss),    facio;    (reverse) 
accipio. 

suffered,  be,  use  accido. 
summer,  aestas. 
summon,  arcesso,  evoco. 
superb,  superl.  of  bonus, 
supplies,  copiae. 
surely,  profecto,  sine  dubio. 
surpass,  supero. 
surrender,     trado;     in    dedi- 

tionem  venio. 
surround,  circumvenio. 
suspicion,  suspicio. 
sustain,  sustineo. 
Syracuse,  Syracusae. 


take,    potior;    (from)    eripio: 

(ship)  conscendo. 
take  over,  traduco. 


96 


Vocabulary 


take  ship,  conscendo. 

take    this    course,    se    ita 

gerere. 

Tarentum,  Tarentum. 
taught,  be,  use  disco, 
teach,  doceo. 
tell,   dico,   doceo,   narro,   ex- 

pono,  aperio. 
tempest,  tempestas. 
temple,  aedes,  templum. 
ten,  decem. 
terrify,  terreo. 
testimony,  testimonium. 
than,    quam;   often  translated 

by  abl. 

thank,  gratias  ago. 
thanks,    gratiae;    see    render 

thanks, 
that,   con/.,   ut;   with  verb  of 

fearing,     ne;     with    non 

dubito,  quin. 
that  no  news,  ne  quid  novi 

(37). 

that  no  one,  ne  quis. 
that  .   .   .  not,     with   verb 

of  fearing,  ut. 
that,    demon,    pro.,    ille,    is; 

often  translated  by  rel.  at 

beginning      of     sentence; 

omitted  in  phrase  'that  of. ' 
that,  rel.  pro.,  qui,  quae,  quod, 
the,  usually  untranslated;  is, 

ille. 

Thebans,  the,  Thebani. 
Thebes,  Thebae. 
their,    often   omitted;   eorum; 

reflex,  .suus. 


their  country,  patria. 
their  friends,  reflex.,  sui. 
their  own,  reflex.,  suus  in 

emphatic  position. 
them;  see  they. 
Themistocles,  Themistocles. 
themselves,  ipsi;  reflex.,  sui. 
then,  turn,  deinde. 
there,    ibi,    (motion)    eo;    at 
beginning  of  sentence,  often 
ubi,  (motion)  quo. 
therefore,  itaque,  igitur,  quare, 

quam  ob  rem. 
thereupon,  turn. 
Thessaly,  Thessalia. 
they,    often    untranslated;    at 
beginning      of     sentence, 
sometimes  qui;  ei,  illi,  ipsi; 
reflex.,  sui. 
thing,    things,    often    included 

in  neut.  pro.  or  adj.;  res. 
thing(s)  which,  id  quod,  ea 

quae. 

think,   puto,   arbitror,   existi- 
mo,   reor,    sentio,   credo, 
cogito,   habeo. 
think  of,  cogito. 
third,  tertius. 
thirty,  triginta. 

this,  hie,  is,  ille;  at  begin- 
ning of  sentence,  often 
qui. 

this  latter,  ille. 
this  same,  idem, 
this  sort  of,  talis. 
thoroughly,  plane, 
those;  see  that;  omitted  in  such 


Vocabulary 


97 


phrases  as  '  there  are  those 

who.' 
though,  quamquam,  etsi,  cum, 

si;    see    as    though    and 

just  as  though, 
thousand  (s),  milia. 
three,  tres. 
through,  per  and  ace. 
thus,     ita,    sic;     quo    modo, 

itaque. 
time,     tempus;     see     second 

time. 

Tiro,  Tiro. 

to,  conj.,  ut;   with  foil,  corn- 
par.,  quo;   rel.  with  subj.; 

supine    in    -um;    causa 

with  gen. 

to,  prep.,  ad  and  in  with  ace. 
to  the  house  of,  ad  and  ace. 
'  to    the    interest    of,    be, 

interest. 

tomb,  sepulchrum. 
too,  quoque. 
top  of,  summus. 
torture,  cruciatus. 
touch,  tango, 
toward,  ad  and  ace. 
town,  oppidurn. 
townspeople,  oppidani. 
treasure,  thesaurus, 
tree,  arbor, 
trial,  iudicium. 
tribe,  natio,  gens, 
trireme,  trircmis. 
true,  .set  not  true, 
truly,  vere. 
trumpet,  tuba. 


truth,  the,  vera  (neut.  plu.). 

try,  conor. 

turn,  converto. 

twenty,  viginti. 

two,  duo. 

tyrant,  tyrannus. 


ultimately,  postremo. 

under,  sub  and  abl. 

undertake,  suscipio. 

unfortunate,  miser. 

unless,  nisi. 

until,  dum,  donee;  after  nega- 
tive, priusquam. 

unusual,  insignis. 

unwilling,  be,  nolo. 

upon,  in  and  abl.;  (motion)  in 

and  ace. 

upon  it,  beginning  sentence, 
ubi  (39). 

upper,  superior. 

upright,  probus,  probatus. 

uprightness,  probitas. 

urge,  hortor,  oro. 

use,  utor. 

used,  be,  soleo. 

usually;  use  soleo. 


Valerius,  Valerius. 

valley,  valles. 

valor,  virtus. 

value;  omitted  in  translation. 

venture,  audeo. 

Verres,  Verrcs. 

verse,  versus. 


Vocabulary 


very,  the,  adj.,  ipse. 

very  one,  the,  idem, 
very,  adv.,  vehementer. 
Vesontio,  Vesontio. 
vessel,  navis. 
victim,  hostia. 
victory,  victoria, 
view,  sententia. 
vine,  vitis. 
Virtus,  Virtus. 
vow,  n.,  votum. 
vow,  v.,  voveo. 

W 
wait,  exspecto,  moror. 

wait  for,  exspecto. 
wall,  paries, 
want,  volo. 
war,  bellum. 
warn,  moneo. 
watch,  vigilia. 
water,  aqua, 
way,  modus, 
wealth,  opes, 
weight,  pondus. 
what,     compound    rel.,     (ea) 

quae. 
what,  inter.,  quid;  quantus. 

what  sort  of,  qualis. 
whatever,  quicumque. 
when,  cum,  postquam,  ubi. 
whence,  unde. 
where, ubi;  (=' whence'), unde; 

(  =  'whither'),  quo. 
whereas,  autem. 
whereupon,  turn, 
wherever,  omnibus  locis  ubi. 


whether,  num;  utrum. 

which,  rel.,  qui. 

while,     dum,     cum;     autem; 

etsi. 

who,  inter.,  quis. 
who,  rel.,  qui. 

who   .   .   .   not,  quin  (30). 
whole,  the  whole,  totus. 
why,  cur. 
wicked,  mains. 
wickedness,   improbitas,  sce- 

lus. 

wife,  uxor. 
will,  testamentum. 
willing,  be,  volo. 
willingly,  libenter. 
win,  pario,  reporto. 
wind,  ventus. 
winter,  hiems. 
wisdom,  sapientia. 
wise,    sapiens.     Cf.    on    this 

wise,  and  in  no  wise, 
wish,  n.,  voluntas. 
wish,  v.,  volo. 
with,  cum  and  abl. 

with  the  idea  of,  causa, 
withdraw,  discedo,  se  recipere; 

reduco. 

without,  sine  and  abl. 
witness,  testis. 
woman,  mulier. 
wonderful,  mirabilis,  insignis. 
woods,  silva. 
word,  verbum. 
work,  opus, 
worthy,  dignus. 
would  that,  utinam. 


Vocabulary 


99 


wound,  vulnero. 
write,  scribo;  (letter)  do. 
writer,  scriptor. 
wrong,  iniuria. 

X 

Xerxes,  Xerxes. 


year,  annus. 

yet,  tamen,  at,  sed. 

you,  tu;  often  untranslated. 

young  man,  iuvenis. 

younger,  minor. 

your,  vester. 

youth,  adulescens,  iuvenis. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


AUG  171942 


CD 


*  JAN  10  1972 


Form  L-9-15m-2,'36 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT 
T.OS  ANGELES 


r 


£  ooi 


